Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- 1. Infrastructure Needs and Regional Cooperation -- 1.1. Scope, Coverage, and Definitions -- 1.2. Why Regional Infrastructure? -- 1.3. Framework for Regional Infrastructure Cooperation -- 1.4. Overview of Asia's Regional Infrastructure Initiatives -- 1.5. Plan of the Study -- 2. Supporting Regional Trade and Investment -- 2.1. Overview of Asia's Infrastructure -- 2.2. Trends in Asian Trade -- 2.3. Infrastructure for Trade and Investment -- 2.4. Enhancing Regional Energy Trade -- 2.5. Toward Greater Trade -- 3. Harnessing the Benefits of Regional Infrastructure -- 3.1. Economics of Infrastructure Network -- 3.2. Empirical Evidence -- 3.3. Regional Case Studies -- 3.4. Potential Negative Impacts -- 3.5. Overall Gains from Pan-Asian Connectivity -- 3.6. Conclusions -- 4. Developing Effective Policies and Institutions -- 4.1. Components of Effective Policies and Institutions -- 4.2. European and Latin American Experience -- 4.3. Asia's Regional Infrastructure Programs: Policies and Institutional Arrangements -- 4.4. Addressing the Major Challenges -- 4.5. Conclusions -- 5. Financing Regional Infrastructure -- 5.1. Financing Needs -- 5.2. Challenges in Financing Regional Infrastructure -- 5.3. International Experience -- 5.4. Development of Asian Financial Markets -- 5.5. Financing Options -- 5.6. Conclusions -- 6. Toward a Seamless Asia -- 6.1. A Framework for Regional Infrastructure Cooperation -- 6.2. Main Findings and Recommendations -- 6.3. The Was Forward -- Appendix -- References and Bibliography -- Boxes -- Box 1.1. What Is Regional Infrastructure? -- Box 3.1. Estimating the Benefits of Energy Cooperation in the GMS -- Box 3.2. Greening the GMS Transport Corridors.

Box 3.3. Methodology for Estimating Overall Gains from Pan-Asian Connectivity -- Box 4.1. The Greater Mekong Subregion Cross-Border Transport Agreement -- Box 4.2. Pacific Aviation Safety Office -- Box 5.1. Theun Hinboun Hydropower Project, the Lao PDR -- Box 5.2. Malaysia-Singapore Second Link: Railway -- Box 5.3. Perpignan-Figueiras Rail Concession -- Box 5.4. Channel Tunnel Rail Link -- Box 5.5. Islamic Financial Instruments -- Figures -- Figure 1.1. Asian Highway Network -- Figure 1.2. Trans-Asian Railway Network -- Figure 2.1. Road Network Indicators by Region, 1996 and 2005 -- Figure 2.2. Railway Indicators by Region, 1996 and 2005 -- Figure 2.3. ICT Indicators by Region, 1996 and 2005 -- Figure 2.4. Electricity Consumption Per Capita, kWh, 1996 and 2005 -- Figure 2.5. Intraregional Trade Flows in Asia, 2007 (as a percentage of Asia's total trade) -- Figure 2.6. International Logistics Performance Index -- Figure 3.1. Gateways and Multimodal Corridors in Southeast Asia -- Figure 3.2. Household Real Income Effects in Kazakhstan -- Figure 3.3. Trends in Real Income Gains During 2010-2020 -- Figure 4.1. Role of EU Institutions in TENs' Decision Making and Management -- Figure 4.2. Architecture of Subregional Infrastructure Cooperation in Asia -- Figure 4.3. Policy and Institutional Framework for a Seamless Asia -- Figure 6.1. A Framework for Pan-Asian Infrastructure Cooperation -- Tables -- Table 1.1. Subregional Cooperation Programs in Asia -- Table 2.1. Comparison of Asian Infrastructure Quality with the World, 2008 -- Table 2.2. Trade Growth in Asia's 10 Leading Exporters, 1987-2007 -- Table 2.3. Trade in Asian Subregions and Other World Regions, 1990-2007 -- Table 2.4. Border Trade Costs, 2009 -- Table 2.5. Proven Energy Reserves in Million Tons of Oil Equivalent and Percent of World Total, 2006.

Table 2.6. Pattern of Asia's Energy Exports and Imports, by Country and Commodity (in percent) -- Table 3.1. Impacts on the PRC and Thailand from Electricity Infrastructure Investment -- Table 3.2. Real GDP Growth Premium (percentage of baseline GDP) -- Table 3.3. Sources of Real Household Income Growth (percentage change from baseline) -- Table 3.4. Aggregate Impacts of Pipeline Extension, 2020 (in 2002 million) -- Table 3.5. Aggregate Outcomes in South Asia -- Table 3.6. Household Welfare Impact of Transport Cost Reductions ( million) -- Table 3.7. Aggregate Impacts of Reduced Costs of Road Transport in the GMS -- Table 3.8. Change in Poverty Headcount (by stratum and country) -- Table 3.9. Accumulated Reduction in Trade Costs Resulting from Infrastructure Investment, 2010-2020 (percentage of trade value) -- Table 3.10. Present Discounted Value of Net Income Gains from Pan-Asian Connectivity (in 2008 billion) -- Table 4.1. Key Characteristics of Regional and Subregional Institutions and Programs Involved in Infrastructure -- Table 5.1. Asia's Total Infrastructure Investment Needs by Sector, 2010-2020 (in 2008 million) -- Table 5.2. Indicative Investment Needs for Regional Identified and Pipeline Infrastructure Projects, 2010-2020 -- Table 5.3. Twenty-One High Priority "Flagship" Regional Projects -- Table 5.4. Characteristics of Major Regional and National Financial Institutions -- Table 5.5. Structure of Financial Systems in Selected Asian Economies (percent of GDP) -- Table 5.6. Asia's Gross Domestic Savings and Foreign Exchange Reserves, 2007 ( billion) -- Appendix -- Table A1.1. GDP Growth, 2004-2010 (percentage per year) -- Table A1.2. Population and Population Density, 2007-2020 -- Table A2.1. Land Transport Indicators in Selected Asian Countries -- Table A2.2. Air Transport Indicators in Selected Asian Countries.

Table A2.3. Global Competitiveness and Infrastructure Quality Index of Asian Economies -- Table A2.4. Primary Energy Consumption in Asia and Other Regions (million TOE) -- Box A3.1. Measuring the Benefits of Infrastructure Projects -- Table A3.1. Household Categories in the Model -- Box A4.1. Trans-European Energy Network Development -- Box A4.2. Mekong River Commission (MRC) -- Figure A4.1. GMS Institutional Arrangements -- Figure A4.2. Institutional Framework of the GMS CBTA -- Figure A4.3. CAREC's Institutional Framework -- Table A5.1. Current Investment Needs for the Asian Highway Network -- Table A5.2. Unmet Investment Needs for Asian Highway Identified Projects -- Table A5.3. Indicative Investment Needs for Trans-Asian Railway Network Projects -- Table A5.4. Energy Projects Linking East and Southeast-Central-South Asia -- Table A5.5. Indicative Investment Needs for GMS Transport and Energy Projects -- Table A5.6. Other Energy Projects in Southeast Asia -- Table A5.7. CAREC Transport, Trade Facilitation, and Energy Projects -- Table A5.8. Transport Logistics and Energy Projects in South Asia -- Table A5.9. Description of High-Priority GMS Energy and Transport Projects -- Table A5.10. Description of High-Priority CAREC Transport and Energy Projects -- Table A5.11. Description of High-Priority Transport and Energy Projects in South Asia -- Table A5.12. Additional Transport and Energy Projects (Identified and in the Pipeline) Without Available Investment Estimates -- Table A5.13. Trans-Asia Railway Projects Without Available Investment Estimates -- Table A5.14. East and Southeast-Central-South Asia Transport Projects Without Available Investment Estimates -- Table A5.15. ASEAN Projects Without Available Investment Estimates -- Table A5.16. List of GMS Projects Without Available Investment Estimates and Target Schedules.

Table A5.17. East Asia's Regional Energy (Power Grid Interconnection) Project Without Available Investment Estimates -- Table A5.18. CAREC Energy Projects Without Available Investment Estimates -- Table A5.19. Regional Transport Projects in South Asia Without Available Investment Estimates.