Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- A. Background -- B. Motivation and the Main Purpose of the Study -- C. Organization of the Book -- Chapter 2: Effects of Global Crisis on Remittance and Poverty in Asia -- A. Introduction -- B. The Pros and Cons -- C. The Latest Progress -- D. Distilling Key Lessons from the Study Results -- E. Results Summary -- 1. Global Asia -- 2. Bangladesh -- 3. Indonesia -- 4. Pakistan -- 5. The Philippines -- 6. Viet Nam -- 7. Overall -- 8. Migrants and Their Families -- F. Conclusions and Policy Implications -- 1. Policy Implications -- 2. Other Key Issues -- Chapter 3: A Macro View of the Impacts of International Remittances: Changing Measures, Changing Results? -- A. Introduction -- B. The Ideal Measure of Remittances -- C. Estimation Procedures -- D. Empirical Results -- 1. Economic Growth -- 2. Poverty -- 3. Consumption, Exports, and Investment -- E. Conclusion and Implications -- F. Tables -- Chapter 4: Effects of Global Crisis on Remittances and Poverty: Country Case Studies -- A. Bangladesh -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of the Global Crisis -- 3. Remittances -- 4. Ready-Made Garment Exports -- 5. Conclusion and Policy Implications -- 6. Tables -- B. Indonesia -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of the Global Crisis -- 3. Conclusion and Policy Implications -- 4. Tables -- C. Pakistan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crises, Migration, and Remittances -- 3. Previous Research on Remittances to Pakistan -- 4. Pakistan's Rising Remittances: Initiatives and Response to Crisis -- 5. Impact of Global Financial Crisis on Pakistani Exports -- 6. Quantifying the Impact of Remittances -- 7. Conclusion -- 8. Tables -- D. Philippines -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crisis and Demand for Migrant Workers -- 3. Cushioning the Impact on Migrants and Their Families.

4. Impact of the Crisis on Host Countries -- 5. Impact of the Crisis on Households with Migrant Members -- 6. Conclusion and Recommendations -- 7. Tables -- E. Viet Nam -- 1. Introduction -- 2. An Overview of International Remittances to Viet Nam -- 3. Related Previous Studies -- 4. International Remittances and Poverty in Viet Nam: An Update -- 5. Impacts of Remittances on Poverty: A Microeconometric Analysis -- 6. Impacts of Remittances at Macro and Sector Levels Using a Computable General Equilibrium Model -- 7. Key Findings and Policy Implications -- 8. Tables -- Chapter 5: Impact on Migrants and Their Families: Survey-Results -- A. Introduction -- B. Main Results -- 1. Profile of Migrants and Migrant Households -- 2. Knowledge and Expectations about the Crisis -- 3. Impact on Out-Migration -- 4. Impact on Household Income -- 5. Impact on Savings and Investments -- 6. Impact on Remittance Dynamics -- 7. Migrant Household Coping Mechanisms -- 8. Migrant Worker Coping Mechanisms -- 9. Assistance to Migrant Households -- C. Conclusion and Policy Implications -- D. Tables -- Appendix: Survey Design and Methodology -- I. Bangladesh -- II. Indonesia -- III. Philippines -- References -- Box -- Box 4B.1: Data Source-Susenas -- Figures -- Figure 2.1: Global Remittances and Other Financial Flows, 1991-2010 -- Figure 2.2: Trends of Remittance Inflows, 2002-2014 -- Figure 4A.1: Effects of Remittance Shock on Various Aspects of the Economy -- Figure 4A.2: Effects of a Reduction in Ready-Made Garment Exports on Sectoral Outputs and Prices -- Figure 4B.1: Trends of Indonesian Exports and Imports ( billion) -- Figure 4B.2: Number of Indonesian Migrant Workers by Gender, 1994-2009 -- Figure 4B.3: Occupational Distribution of Migrant Workers, 2007 -- Figure 4B.4: Number of Indonesian Migrant Workers by Major Destination Countries, 1994-2009.

Figure 4B.5: Province of Origin of Indonesian Migrant Workers, 2007 -- Figure 4B.6: Total Migrant Workers and Remittances in Indonesia, 1994-2009 -- Figure 4B.7: Share of Household Income by Source and Migrant Status, 2007 (%) -- Figure 4C.1: Pakistan: Workers' Remittances, 1998-2010 ( million) -- Figure 4C.2: Patterns of Monthly Exports to Pakistan, 2004-2010 -- Figure 4C.3: Pakistan's Annual Exports and Remittances, 2004-2010 -- Figure 4C.4: Pakistan's Monthly Remittances and Exports, 2004-2010 -- Figure 4C.5: Unit Value Index of Exports -- Figure 4D.1: Total Overseas Filipino Workers Deployed (New Hires and Rehires) and Remittance per Deployed Worker -- Figure 4D.2: Total Remittances and Overseas Filipino Workers -- Figure 4D.3: New Overseas Filipino Worker Hires by Skills -- Figure 4D.4: Total Number of Overseas Filipino Workers by Worker Type -- Figure 4D.5: Stock Estimates of Overseas Filipinos -- Figure 4D.6: Share of Households with Overseas Filipino Workers -- Figure 4D.7: Use of Remittances -- Figure 4D.8: Framework to Analyze the Impact of the Global Economic Crisis on Migrant Households -- Figure 4E.1: International Remittances to Viet Nam and Their Shares to GDP, 1999-2010 -- Figure 4E.2: Remittances and Other Financial Flows, 1999-2010 (US billion) -- Figure 4E.3: Number of Vietnamese Overseas, 2008 (million persons) -- Figure 4E.4: Remittances, Exports, and Trade Balance, 1999-2010 -- Figure 4E.5: Distribution of Remittances by Area -- Figure 5.1: Gender and Average Age of Migrants -- Figure 5.2: Highest Education of Migrants -- Figure 5.3: Marital Status of Migrants -- Figure 5.4: Migrant Relationship to Household Head -- Figure 5.5: Destination Country of Migrants -- Figure 5.6: Knowledge about the Global Financial Crisis -- Figure 5.7: Expected Length of the Crisis Impact.

Figure 5.8: Average Number of Family Members Working Abroad -- Figure 5.9: Change in Household Income before and after the Crisis -- Figure 5.10: Percent of Households Experiencing Change in Income -- Figure 5.11: Savings Incidence -- Figure 5.12: Allocation of Savings as Scheduled -- Figure 5.13: Incidence of Investment -- Figure 5.14: Allocation of Investments as Scheduled -- Figure 5.15: Frequency of Receiving Remittances -- Figure 5.16: Percentage Change in Household Expenditure -- Figure 5.17: Returning Home in 2008 and 2009 -- Figure 5.18: Number of Months Being Unemployed -- Tables -- Table 2.1: Positive and Negative Effects of Remittances -- Table 3.1: Measures of Remittances Used by Some Previous Studies -- Table 3.2: Estimation of the Growth/Output Equation: Global Sample -- Table 3.3: Estimation of the Growth/Output Equation: Developing Countries Sample -- Table 3.4: Estimation of the Growth/Output Equation: Instrumental Variable Global Sample -- Table 3.5: Instrumental Variable Estimation of the Growth/Output Equation: Coefficients for Remittances for All Regions -- Table 3.6: Instrumental Variable Estimation of the Poverty Equation: Global Sample -- Table 3.7: Instrumental Variable Estimation of the Poverty Equation: Developing Countries Sample -- Table 3.8: Instrumental Variable Estimation of the Poverty Equation: Asian Developing Countries Sample -- Table 3.9: Instrumental Variable Estimation of the Poverty Equation without GDP per Capita for All Regions: Coefficients for Remittances -- Table 3.10: Instrumental Variable Estimation of Consumption, Exports, and Investment Equations: Global Sample -- Table 3.11: Instrumental Variable Estimation of Consumption, Exports, and Investment Equations: Developing Countries Sample.

Table 3.12: Instrumental Variable Estimation of Consumption, Exports, and Investment Equations: Asian Developing Countries Sample -- Table 3.13: Comparison of Results across Estimations and Measures -- Table 4A.1: Description of the 2005 Social Accounting Matrix -- Table 4A.2: Structure of the 2005 Social Accounting Matrix of Bangladesh -- Table 4A.3: Shares of Household Incomes by Source, 2005 (%) -- Table 4A.4: Macroeconomic Effects of Remittance Shock -- Table 4A.5: Percentage Changes in Prices from the Base Case -- Table 4A.6: Percentage Changes in Volumes from the Base Case -- Table 4A.7: Impact at the Household Level (% changes from base case) -- Table 4A.8: Poverty Impact at the Household Level (% changes from base case) -- Table 4A.9: Macroeconomic Effects of Export Reduction (% changes from base case) -- Table 4A.10: Sectoral Price Effects from Export Reduction (% changes from base case) -- Table 4A.11: Sectoral Output Effects from Export Reduction (% changes from base case) -- Table 4A.12: Household Welfare Impact of Export Reduction (% changes from base case) -- Table 4A.13: Household Poverty Impact of Reduction in Exports (% changes from base case) -- Table 4B.1: Indonesia Macroeconomic Indicators, 2005-2010 -- Table 4B.2: Share of Household Income by Source and Migrant Status, 2007 (%) -- Table 4B.3: Share of Household Expenditure by Type of Expenditure and Migrant Status, 2007 (%) -- Table 4B.4: Regression Results of Key Expenditure Components -- Table 4B.5: Probit Estimation Results: Impact of Remittances on Poverty -- Table 4B.6: Poverty and Inequality Indicators for Migrant Households -- Table 4C.1. Pakistan: Macroeconomic Situation, 2001-2010 -- Table 4C.2: Historical Change in Prices and Wages, 2007-2009 -- Table 4C.3: Impact of 3F Crises -- Table 4C.4: Number of Pakistani Migrant Workers Abroad by Skill.

Table 4C.5: Number of Pakistani Workers Abroad by Province, 2004-2009.