Cover -- CONTENTS -- LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, BOXES, AND APPENDIXES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- PART 1 Executive Summary -- PART 2 Introduction -- PART 3 Poverty Profile -- PART 4 Causes of Poverty -- PART 5 Impacts of Poverty on Economic Growth and Development -- PART 6 Institutions and Governance in the Poverty Response -- PART 7 Summary of Key Findings and Recommendations -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIXES -- TABLES -- 1 Offcial Sources of Poverty-Related Data -- 2 Poverty Incidence and Gini Coeffcient, 1985-2000 -- 3 Magnitude of Poverty in the Philippines Population, 1985-2000 -- 4 Annual Per Capita Poverty Thresholds, Poverty Incidence, and Magnitude of Poor Families: 2000, 2003, and 2006 -- 5 Annual Per Capita Poverty Thresholds, Poverty Incidence, and Magnitude of Poor Population: 2000, 2003, and 2006 -- 6 Ranking of Poorest Provinces in the Philippines, 2003 and 2006 -- 7 Poorest 20 Municipalities in the Philippines, 2003 -- 8 Poverty Incidence and Magnitude by Island Grouping -- 9 Provinces with the Largest Numbers of Poor People -- 10 Annual Per Capita Food Thresholds, Subsistence Incidence, and Magnitude Subsistence of Poor Families: 2000, 2003, and 2006 -- 11 Distribution of Poor and Nonpoor Households in Urban and Rural Areas, 2006 -- 12 Income Gap, Poverty Gap, and Severity by Regions -- 13 Poverty Incidence and Magnitude of Poor Population by Sector, 2000 and 2003 -- 14 Distribution of Poor and Nonpoor Households by Family Size -- 15 Distribution of Poor and Nonpoor Households by Sector of Work of Household Head -- 16 Distribution of Poor and Nonpoor Households by Occupation of Household Head -- 17 Components of Per Capita Income of Households, 1997-2006 -- 18 Percentage of Families with Access to Minimum Basic Needs, by Income Strata, 2002 and 2004 -- 19 Income Inequality, 1985-2006 (Gini Ratio).

20 Comparative Inequality Indicators, Latin America versus Association of Southeast Asian Nations -- 21 Chronic Poverty Among Poor Filipino Households: Perceived Length of Poverty -- 22 Survey Data on Chronic Poverty: Recency of Poverty -- 23 Distribution of Households by Poverty and Vulnerability Status -- 24 Average Household Size by Poverty and Vulnerability Status, 1997 Philippines Family Income and Expenditure Survey -- 25 Philippine Ranking Comparison with Other Countries-Human Development Index 2005 -- 26 Selected Indicators of Human Poverty for the Philippines, 2004 -- 27 Millennium Development Goals and Targets -- 28 Status by Millennium Development Goals and Regions -- 29 Average Gross Domestic Product Growth Rates, 1960-2007 -- 30 Comparative Headcount Index and Number of Poor in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations -- 31 Changes in Poverty Incidence for Selected Countries, 1960-1990 -- 32 Growth Elasticity of Poverty Reduction -- 33 ADB Projections for Poverty Incidence by 2020 -- 34 Philippines Growth Forecast for 2009 (as of April) -- 35 Unemployment Rates in East Asia, 2003-2007 -- 36 Sector Employment Shares -- 37 Population Growth Rates in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Countries -- 38 Percentage Point Change in Income Share, 2003-2006 -- 39 Gini Ratio of Landholdings -- 40 Inequality in Labor Market Indicators -- 41 Explaining Inequality in Per Capita Labor Income (Theil Index) -- 42 Distribution of Poor and Nonpoor Households by Access to Financial Markets -- 43 Infrastructure Indicators in the Philippines, by Region, 1988 and 2004 or 2005 -- 44 Pattern of Expenditures by Income Decile, Annual Poverty Indicators Survey, 2002 and 2004 -- 45 Pattern of Expenditures by Income Decile, Family Income and Expenditures Survey, 2006 -- 46 Current Government Poverty-Related Programs.

47 Major Government Institutions Involved in Poverty Reduction -- 48 National Government Expenditures as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product, 1990-2006 -- 49 Real Per Capita National Government Expenditures in 1985 Prices, 1990-2006 -- 50 Access to Selected Programs by Quintile -- 51 Corruption Perception Index, 1998-2008 -- 52 Summary of Action Points for Government and Possible Options for Support Immediate and Short Term: Enhance Poverty Framework and Strategy -- 53 Summary of Action Points for Government and Possible Options for Support Medium and Long Term: Sustain Efforts for Economic and Institutional Reforms -- FIGURES -- 1 Poverty Incidence in Southeast Asia -- 2 Educational Attainment of Heads of Poor Households -- 3 Trends in Human Development Index, 1975-2005 -- 4 Trend in Underemployment Rate, January 1995-2009 -- BOXES -- 1 Millennium Development Goals-Midterm Review from a Civil Society Perspective -- 2 Critique of a Long-Term Government Subsidy Program -- 3 PhilDHRRA Asset Reform Report Card -- APPENDIXES -- 1 Framework for Assessing Poverty in the Philippines -- 2 Poverty Incidence Among Population: Balisacan Estimates vis-a-vis National Statistical Coordination Board -- 3 Annual Per Capita Food Thresholds, Subsistence Incidence, and Magnitude of Subsistence of Poor Population: 2000, 2003, and 2006 -- 4 List of Variables for Regression on Poverty Correlates -- 5 Top and Bottom 10 Provinces, Human Development Index 2003 -- 6 Self-Rated Poverty: Households Who Are Poor (Mahirap): Philippines -- 7 Degree of Hunger in Households, Philippines: July 1998 to December 2008 -- 8 Headcount Indexes: Percentage of Population Living Below the Asian Poverty Line versus 1.08 a Day and 1.25 a Day -- 9 Poverty Incidence by Highest Educational Attainment of Household Head -- 10 Impediments to Investments in Agriculture and Agribusiness.

11 Gini Coeffcients and Ratio of Expenditures to Incomes of Top 20% to Bottom 20% of Income Group -- 12 Current Government Poverty and Poverty-Related Programs -- 13 Overview of Previous Poverty Assessments: 1990-2007 -- 14 Resource Gaps: Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan Growth Rates -- 15 Resource Gaps: Low Growth Rates.