Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- Health -- HIV/AIDS -- Education -- Common Cross-Cutting Themes -- A Final Word -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Rationale for the Report -- Why Human Development? -- Why Produce the Report Jointly? -- What Questions? -- Outline of the Report -- Notes -- Chapter 2 Health in Papua New Guinea: A Situation Assessment and Proposed Strategic Directions -- Introduction -- Health Outcomes -- Health System Infrastructure and Performance -- Health Sector Workforce: Size and Deployment -- Health Finances and Expenditures -- Decentralization, Accountability, and Integrity of Government Systems -- Recent Government Response -- Recent Donor Response -- Where to from Here? -- Annex 2A: Health Sector Workforce -- Annex 2B: Comparison of Health-Related Revenue Streams to Provinces -- Annex 2C: Technical Options and Delivering Health Priorities -- Notes -- Chapter 3 Control of HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea: A Situation Assessment and Proposed Strategic Directions -- The Current Status of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic in PNG -- HIV/AIDS, Sex, and Culture -- Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) -- HIV/AIDS and the Economy -- The Response of the Government of PNG to HIV/AIDS -- The Response of Key Development Partners -- The Response of Nongovernmental Organizations and Churches -- The Response of the Private Sector -- Financing the Response -- Major Lessons Learned and Priorities for Further Action -- Proposed Strategic Directions for HIV/AIDS -- Annex 3A: The Estimated Size of At-Risk Groups in and Near Selected Existing Enclave Developments -- Annex 3B: Main PNG HIV/AIDS Control Activities -- Annex 3C: Papua New Guinea's Response to the HIV/AIDS Epidemic -- Notes -- Chapter 4 Education in Papua New Guinea: A Situation Assessment and Proposed Strategic Directions -- Introduction -- National Education Reform (1993).

Expenditure and Financing -- The New National Education Plan: Addressing General Education Issues -- Governance, Management, and Community Participation -- General Education Challenges: The Need to Enhance the NEP 2 Framework -- The Financing Challenge -- NEP 2 and Achieving Universal Basic Education -- Vocational Education and Skills Development -- Where to from Here?Proposed Priorities and Strategic Directions -- Conclusion -- Annex 4A: Principal Responsibilities of the Key Stakeholders in the PNG Education and Skills Development System -- Annex 4B: Teacher Workforce -- Annex 4C: Geographic, Income, and Gender Inequities in PNG Education -- Notes -- Chapter 5 Common Cross-Cutting Themes -- Introduction -- The Fragility and Inequity of Current Outcomes -- The Need for a "Whole of Government" Approach -- Decentralization and Devolution -- The Long-Term Decline in the Integrity of Core Government Systems -- Restoring the Integrity of Budget Systems and Institutions -- Budget Allocations and Their Composition: Less Than Optimal -- Conclusion -- Annex 5A: Human Development Expenditures 1996-2004 -- Notes -- Chapter 6 Next Steps: An Approach to Revised Strategic Directions for Human Development -- Introduction -- Proposed Sectoral Strategy-Formulation Process by Government -- The Importance of the MTDS and MTEF -- Implementing the MTEF and the Sectoral Strategy Plans -- Creating Fiscal Space and a Compact to Implement Expenditure Reforms -- Developing a Financing Plan for Each Sector -- Restoring the Integrity of Government Processes -- The Role of Development Partners in Support of Government Sectoral Plans -- A Sectoral Compact Between the Government and Its Development Partners -- Knowledge Gaps -- A Final Word -- References -- Figures -- 1 Total Real Recurrent Health Expenditures by Input Category, 1997-2004.

2 Ministry of Health Workforce by Cadre and Distribution, 2004 -- 3 HIV Cases in Adolescents Ages 15-19, 2001-2004 -- 2.1 Infant Mortality Rate by Region -- 3.1 HIV Prevalence at Blood Banks Throughout PNG -- 3.2 Increasing Numbers of HIV Cases in 2-to 9-Year Age Group, PNG -- 3.3 Increasing Numbers of HIV Cases in 15-to 19-Year Age Group, PNG -- 3.4 Sexual Coercion and HIV Incidence Among Women Under 25 Years in Rakai, Uganda, 2004 -- 3.5 HIV Prevalence Among People Consuming Alcohol and Among Nondrinkers, Carletonville (Mine),South Africa -- 3.6 HIV Infection by Risk Group and WHO Region -- 3.7 Thailand's HIV Estimates With and Without Prevention Interventions, 1985-2010 -- 4C.1 Females as Percentage of Basic Education Enrollments and Teachers, 2003 -- 4C.2 Basic Education Enrollments as Percentage of Population, 2003 -- 4C.3 Internal and Total Provincial per Capita Government Budget Revenue, 2005 -- 4C.4 Percentage of Arable Land by Province -- Tables -- 2.1 Composition and Growth of the Health Workforce, 1988-2004 -- 2.2 Ministry of Health Workforce 2004 by Cadre and Major Health Function -- 2.3 Total Real Health Expenditures: Recurrent and Development, 1996-2004 -- 2.4 Total Real Recurrent Health Expenditures by Input Category, 1996-2004 -- 2.5 Real Health Development Expenditures by Input Category, 1997-2004 -- 2.6 Health Recurrent and Development Expenditures by Health Program, 2004 -- 2A.1 Composition and Growth of the PNG Health Workforce, 1998-2004 -- 2C.1 MDGs-Technical Options for Interventions by Level of Service -- 2C.2 Options for Private Involvement and Use of Government Subsidies in the Delivery of the Basic Package -- 2C.3 Summary of Options for Private Sector Involvement and Use of Government Subsidies in Delivering the Basic Package -- 3.1 HIV Prevalence at Sentinel Surveillance Sites in PNG.

3.2 Results of 1998 Eastern Highlands Youth Survey -- 3.3 The Cost Effectiveness of Different Types of HIV Interventions -- 4A.1 Key Responsibilities of Stakeholders in General Education and Skills Development in PNG -- 4B.1 Key Staffing Policies by Level in 2004 (NEP 1) -- 4B.2 Staff Cadre by Level, Selected Years -- 4B.3 Preservice Training Requirements by Level -- 4B.4 Students in Training by Year 2003 -- 4B.5 Staff Projections by Level-Selected Years -- 4C.1 Females as Percentage of Total General Education Enrollments by Level and Province, 2003 -- 4C.2 Females as Percentage of Total General Education Teachers by Level and Province, 2003 -- 4C.3 Grade 10 Examinations for Entry into Senior Secondary -- 4C.4 Grade 11 Students as Proportion of Grade 10, 2003 by Gender and Province -- 4C.5 Distribution of Tertiary Education Scholarship Scheme First-Year Scholarships by Gender and Type of Institution, 2004 -- 4C.6 Correlation of School Accessibility by Road with Education and Other Related Variables -- 4C.7 Nongrant revenues (by quintiles of nongrant revenue per student), 2001 (kina per student in the year) -- 5.1 Human Development Expenditures as Share of Total Expenditures and of GDP, 1997-2004 -- 5.2 Pacific Island, Low-and Middle-Income, and East Asia Country Expenditures on the Human Development Sectors, 1997-2003 -- 5.3 Trends in Human Development Recurrent Expenditures, 1997-2004 -- 5.4 Real Human Development Sector Recurrent Expenditure Growth Rates, 1997-2004 -- 5.5 Trends in Composition of Education and Health Recurrent Expenditures, 1997-2004 -- 5.6 Trends in Real Human Development Recurrent and Development Expenditures, 1997-2004 -- 5A.1 Social Sector Expenditures 1997-2004 -- 5A.2 Social-Sector Expenditure Shares„Key Aggregates 1997-2004 -- 5A.3 Real Social Sector Expenditures 1997-2004.