Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER 1 What Is Poverty and Why Measure It? -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: The Concepts of Well-Being and Poverty -- Why Measure Poverty? -- Keeping Poor People on the Agenda -- Targeting Domestic and Worldwide Interventions -- Monitoring and Evaluating Projects and Policy Interventions -- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Institutions -- Thinking Systematically: Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Measuring Poverty -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: Steps in Measuring Poverty -- Household Surveys -- Key Survey Issues -- Common Survey Problems -- Survey Design -- Sampling -- Goods Coverage and Valuation -- Variability and the Time Period of Measurement -- Comparisons across Households at Similar Consumption Levels -- Key features of Living Standards Measurement Surveys -- Multitopic Questionnaires -- Quality Control -- Measuring Poverty: Choosing an Indicator of Welfare -- Candidate 1: Income -- Candidate 2: Consumption Expenditure -- Measuring Durable Goods -- Measure the Value of Housing Services -- Weddings and Funerals -- Accounting for Household Composition Differences -- OECD scale -- Other scales -- Estimate an equivalence scale -- Income or Expenditure? -- Candidate 3. Other Measures of Household Welfare -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Poverty Lines -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: Defining a Poverty Line -- Relative Poverty -- Absolute Poverty -- Issues in Choosing an Absolute Poverty Line -- Decide the Standard of Living -- Decide uz and g(·) -- Solution A: Objective Poverty Lines -- The Cost of Basic Needs Method -- Food Energy Intake Method -- The Urban-Rural Problem -- The Relative Price Problem -- Solution B: Subjective Poverty Lines -- Notes.

References -- CHAPTER 4 Measures of Poverty -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction -- Headcount Index -- Poverty Gap Index -- Squared Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity) Index -- Sen Index -- The Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index -- The Watts Index -- Time Taken to Exit -- Other Measures -- References -- CHAPTER 5 Poverty Indexes: Checking for Robustness -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction -- Sampling Error -- Measurement Error -- Equivalence Scales -- Choice of Poverty Line and Poverty Measure -- A Single Measure of Standard of Living -- Robustness: More Than One Dimension -- Note -- References -- CHAPTER 6 Inequality Measures -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: Definition of Inequality -- Commonly Used Summary Measures of Inequality -- Decile Dispersion Ratio -- Gini Coefficient of Inequality -- Generalized Entropy Measures -- Atkinson's Inequality Measures -- Inequality Comparisons -- Measuring Pro-Poor Growth -- Decomposition of Income Inequality -- Income Distribution Dynamics -- Note -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Describing Poverty: Poverty Profiles -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: What Is a Country Poverty Profile? -- Additive Poverty Measures -- Profile Presentation -- Poverty Comparisons over Time -- Excerpts from Poverty Profiles for Indonesia and Cambodia -- Indonesia -- Cambodia -- Poverty Mapping -- Automating Poverty Profiles: The ADePT 2.0 Program -- Note -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Understanding the Determinants of Poverty -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: What Causes Poverty? -- Region-Level Characteristics -- Community-Level Characteristics -- Household and Individual-Level Characteristics -- Demographic Characteristics -- Economic Characteristics -- Social Characteristics -- Analyzing the Determinants of Poverty: Regression Techniques -- Note -- References.

CHAPTER 9 Poverty Reduction Policies -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction -- Is Growth Good for the Poor? -- Pro-Poor Growth -- Opportunity -- Empowerment -- Income Security -- An Example: Tanzania -- Note -- References -- CHAPTER 10 International Poverty Comparisons -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction -- Overview of Poverty Analysis -- International Poverty Comparisons -- Estimating Poverty in the Developing World -- Further Methodological Considerations -- Survey Data and National Accounts -- Why HBS and National Accounts Totals Differ -- Debate 1: Is World Poverty Falling? -- Debate 2: Is World Poverty Really Falling? -- Choice of Poverty Line -- Use of PPP Exchange Rates -- Use of Consumer Price Indexes to Adjust the Poverty Lines over Time -- Applying the Poverty Line to Household Survey Data -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 11 The Analysis of Poverty over Time -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: Sources of Information on Poverty over Time -- Questions in a Single Cross-Sectional Survey -- Repeated Cross-Sectional Surveys -- Panel Data -- Advantages of Panel Surveys -- Drawbacks of Panel Surveys -- Other Issues in Panel and Repeated Cross-Sectional Data -- Chronic versus Transient Poverty -- Transition Matrix -- Case Study: The Asian Financial Crisis and Poverty in Indonesia -- Controversies -- The Problem of Technique: Poverty Rates at a Point in Time -- The Problem of Deflation: Poverty Rates over Time -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 12 Vulnerability to Poverty -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction: Why Measure Vulnerability? -- Vulnerability to Poverty Defined -- Quantifying Vulnerability to Poverty -- Measuring Expected Consumption and Its Variance -- Methodological Issues -- Sources of Vulnerability -- Lessons from Studies of Vulnerability to Poverty -- Notes.

References -- CHAPTER 13 Poverty Monitoring and Evaluation -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction -- Poverty Monitoring -- Selecting Indicators -- Setting Targets -- Impact Evaluation: Micro Projects -- The Challenge of the Counterfactual -- Experimental Design -- Quasi-Experimental Methods -- Solution 1. Matching Comparisons -- Solution 2. Double Differences -- Solution 3. Instrumental Variables -- Solution 4. Reflexive Comparisons -- Qualitative Methods -- Impact Evaluation: Macro Projects -- Time-Series Data Analysis: Before and After -- Time-Series Data Analysis: Deviations from Trend -- Computable General Equilibrium and Simulation Models -- Household Panel Impact Analysis -- Self-Rated Retrospective Evaluation -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 14 Using Regression -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction -- The Vocabulary of Regression Analysis -- Examining a Regression Example -- Problems in Regression Analysis -- Measurement Error -- Case 1. Measurement Error in Y -- Case 2. Measurement Error in X -- Omitted Variable Bias -- Simultaneity Bias -- Sample Selectivity Bias -- Multicolinearity -- Heteroskedasticity -- Outliers -- Solving Estimation Problems -- Logistic Regression -- Note -- References -- CHAPTER 15 The Effects of Taxation and Spending on Inequality and Poverty -- Summary -- Learning Objectives -- Introduction -- Presenting Incidence Results -- Tax Incidence -- Case Study: VAT in Peru -- Benefit Incidence -- Case Study: Education Spending in Peru -- Issues in Benefit Incidence Analysis -- Average or Marginal Incidence? -- Income or Expenditure Progressivity? -- How to Incorporate Behavior? -- How to Value Benefits -- Pieces or Whole? -- Proximate vs. Deep Causes -- Conclusion -- Annex A. Case Study: Health Spending in Ghana -- Notes -- References -- CHAPTER 16 Using Survey Data: Some Cautionary Tales -- Summary.

Learning Objectives -- Introduction: Interpreting Survey Data -- Caution 1. Do the Sampling Right -- Caution 2. Use a Consistent Recall Method -- Caution 3. Use a Consistent Recall Period -- Caution 4. Remember That Price Indexes Matter (a lot) -- Caution 5. Use Consistent Questions -- Caution 6. Adjust for Nonresponse Bias (if possible) -- Caution 7. Define Expenditure Consistently -- Caution 8. Value Own-Farm Income Properly -- Caution 9. Distinguish between Values That Are Zero and Those That Are Missing -- Caution 10. Use Expenditure per Capita, Not Expenditure per Household -- Caution 11. Use Weights When They Are Needed -- Note -- References -- Appendix 1: Data Introduction -- File Structure -- Data Description -- Note -- Appendix 2: Stata Preliminary -- Getting Started -- Starting Stata -- Opening a Data Set -- Saving a Data Set -- Exiting Stata -- Stata Help -- Notes on Stata Commands -- Working with Data Files: Looking at the Content -- Listing the Variables -- Listing Data -- Summarizing Data -- Frequency Distributions (Tabulations) -- Distributions of Descriptive Statistics (Table Command) -- Missing Values in Stata -- Counting Observations -- Working with Data Files: Changing Data Sets -- Generating New Variables -- Labeling -- Labeling Variables -- Labeling Data -- Labeling Values of Variables -- Keeping and Dropping Variables and Observations -- Producing Graphs -- Combining Data Sets -- Merging Data Sets -- Appending Data Sets -- Working with.log and.do Files -- Exercise -- Follow-Up Practice -- Appendix 3: Exercises -- Introduction -- Exercise 1. Chapter 2, Measuring Poverty -- Household Characteristics -- Individual Characteristics -- Expenditure -- Household Weights -- The Effects of Clustering and Stratification -- Exercise 2. Chapter 3, Poverty Lines -- Direct Caloric Intake -- Food-Energy Intake -- Cost of Basic Needs.

Exercise 3. Chapter 4, Measures of Poverty.