Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- Mapping the Challenge -- Secondary Education and Development -- Lessons from International Experience -- Toward an African Strategy for Secondary Education Development -- Implementing Reform -- Mobilizing External Support -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 1. SECONDARY EDUCATION IN AFRICA: RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES -- Daunting Challenges -- Recognizing System Diversity and Linkages -- The Secondary Education in Africa Initiative -- Methodology and Organization of this Book -- Notes -- CHAPTER 2. MAPPING THE CHALLENGE -- Participation and Equity -- Inadequate Relevance and Quality -- High Costs, Limited Resources -- A Quality-Quantity Trade-Off? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 3. SECONDARY EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN SSA -- Private Returns to Education -- Education and Growth -- Impact of Secondary Education on Social Outcomes -- Capturing Economic and Social Outcomes -- Policy Implications -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 4. LESSONS FROM INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE -- The African Challenge in Comparative Perspective -- Secondary Education Development in Other Regions -- Lessons for SSA -- Notes -- CHAPTER 5. FINANCING SECONDARY EDUCATION -- Exploding Demand -- Policy Challenges: Five Different Scenarios -- Financial Requirements -- Teacher Salary Expenditures -- Funding Sources -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 6. QUALITY AND RELEVANCE OF CURRICULA, ASSESSMENTS, AND EXAMINATIONS -- Global Trends in Secondary Education Curriculum Content -- The Landscape of Secondary Education Curricula in SSA -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 7. PROVIDING EFFECTIVE AND EQUITABLE OPPORTUNITIES TO LEARN -- Competent Teachers: The Backbone of Effective Systems -- A New Look at Teacher Training -- School Leadership and Support -- Textbooks: Essential Resources for Learning.

Quality and Equity -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 8. STRENGTHENING GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT -- Decentralization of the Governance and Management of Education -- Toward Effective Schools -- Data-Based Management Systems -- Public-Private Partnerships -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 9. THE WAY FORWARD -- Initial Conditions -- Toward an African Strategy for Secondary Education Development -- Reform Implementation -- Conclusion -- Notes -- CHAPTER 10. SUPPORTING SECONDARY EDUCATION: THE CONTRIBUTION OF DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA -- Aid to Secondary Education -- Trends in World Bank Support -- The Way Forward -- Conclusion: Strategic Priorities -- Notes -- APPENDIXES -- Appendix A: Country Status Reports (CSRs) in Education -- Appendix B: Secondary Education Structure in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Appendix C: Secondary Education Statistics -- References -- Index -- Box 1.1 The Thematic Studies -- Box 1.2 Food for Thought at the Crossroads: Summary Findings and Policy Choices -- Box 2.1 Textbooks in Zambian Schools -- Box 2.2 Cursos Nocturnos in Mozambique -- Box 2.3 Academic Production Units (APUs) in Zambia -- Box 2.4 Private Tutoring -- Box 3.1 Recent Estimates of Returns to Secondary Education -- Box 3.2 Education and Economic Growth in Guatemala -- Box 3.3 Education Can Protect Women from HIV/AIDS -- Box 4.1 Secondary Education in England -- Box 4.2 Secondary Education in France in the First Half of the 20th Century -- Box 4.3 Trends in Secondary Education Reforms in OECD Countries -- Box 4.4 The Singapore Experience -- Box 4.5 Secondary Education Developments in the Republic of Korea -- Box 4.6 Secondary Education Reform in Brazil -- Box 4.7 Increased Access and Improved Quality in Zimbabwe -- Box 5.1 Increasing the Efficiency of Teacher Use in Kenya -- Box 5.2 Textbook Rental Schemes in Lesotho and Malawi.

Box 5.3 Examples of Combining Government and Private Funding for Textbooks -- Box 5.4 Incorporating Junior Secondary into Basic Education in Zambia -- Box 5.5 Educational Television for Secondary Education -- Box 5.6 Targeted Public Support for Private Schooling in Côte d'Ivoire -- Box 6.1 Trends in Secondary Education Reform in the Past Decade in OECD Countries -- Box 6.2 Problem Solving as a Key Competence in the Secondary Curriculum -- Box 6.3 Secondary Education Reform in Chile, 1998-2002 -- Box 6.4 Examinations and Assessments -- Box 6.5 Different Concepts of Curriculum -- Box 6.6 Skill Development in SSA -- Box 6.7 Examination Reform in Kenya -- Box 7.1 Quality Teaching Is Vital for Improving Student Learning -- Box 7.2 Continuous Professional Development in Kenya -- Box 7.3 Teacher Competence Improvement in Burkina Faso -- Box 7.4 International Trend: More Teacher Training in Schools -- Box 7.5 Training for Mathematics and Science Secondary Education Teachers in Kenya -- Box 7.6 District Development Support Program (DDSP) in South Africa, 1998-2003 -- Box 7.7 Book Availability in Uganda-Three Schools -- Box 7.8 Support for School Libraries in Malawi -- Box 7.9 Toward Affordable Textbooks -- Box 7.10 The Return of the Small High School in the United States -- Box 7.11 Multigrade Classes in Secondary Schools in Finland -- Box 7.12 Equitable Access to Junior Secondary Education in Senegal -- Box 7.13 Beating the Odds -- Box 8.1 Managing to Improve Student Performance: International Evidence -- Box 8.2 Instruction in Secondary Schools -- Box 8.3 Boards of Governors and Parent Teacher Associations in Kenya -- Box 8.4 How Schools Improve: Evidence from Developing Countries -- Box 8.5 Policy Challenges in Secondary Education -- Box 8.6 Task Specifications in Senegal -- Box 8.7 School Report Card and Data Management System in Kano State, Nigeria.

Box 8.8 How to Register a Private School in Kenya -- Box 8.9 Elements of a Framework for Partnerships with Private Providers -- Box 8.10 Integrating a Fragmented System in South Africa -- Box 8.11 Partneships with Communities -- Box 9.1 Expanding Secondary Education in Thailand -- Box 9.2 Conditional Cash Transfers in Bangladesh and Mexico -- Box 9.3 Technology Provides New Ways to Deliver Secondary Education -- Box 9.4 Harambee Schools in Kenya -- Box 9.5 Public-Private Partnerships in Burkina Faso -- Box 10.1 Secondary Education Development Program in Tanzania -- Box 10.2 PEAP Policy and Results Matrix for Secondary-Level Education in Uganda -- Box 10.3 The World Bank Africa Action Plan: Progress in Implementation, Building Skills for Growth and Competitiveness -- Figure ES.1 Survival of a Cohort of Students in Primary and Secondary Education in SSA, 2003 -- Figure ES.2 Education Official Development Assistance Commitments in SSA, 1999-2005 -- Figure 1.1 Gross Enrollment Ratios in Secondary Education, by Region, 2004 or Latest -- Figure 1.2 The Education Transition in Ghana and the Republic of Korea -- Figure 1.3 Young People Ages 12-18 as a Percentage of Total Population, by Region, 1990-2020 -- Figure 1.4 Average Years of Schooling, Population Age 5 and Older, by Region -- Figure 1.5 Survival of a Cohort of Students in Primary and Secondary Education in SSA, 2003 -- Figure 1.6 Average Annual Percent GDP Growth in SSA, 1985-2006 -- Figure 1.7 Secondary Gross Enrollment Ratios in SSA Countries with GNI Per Capita Less Than 1,000 -- Figure 2.1 General Secondary GERs 2003/04 or Closest Year -- Figure 2.2 Education Participation of 15-19 Age Group by Wealth, Gender, and Location in SSA -- Figure 2.3 Attainment of Secondary Education by Gender and Wealth -- Figure 2.4 Rates of Repetition in Secondary Schools in SSA.

Figure 2.5 Ratio of Primary to Secondary Costs Per Pupil -- Figure 2.6 Share of Current Expenditure on Education by Level, 2003 or Closest Year -- Figure 2.7 Average Pupil-to-Teacher Ratio in Secondary Education by Major Region, 1990-2003 -- Figure 2.8 Average Private Enrollment in Selected SSA Countries as a Percentage of Total Enrollment, 1999-2004 -- Figure 2.9 Cost Per Student and Results in Junior Secondary Government Schools in Chad, 2003 -- Figure 2.10 Trade-Offs Between Unit Costs and Participation -- Figure 3.1 Household Earnings and Schooling in Burkina Faso -- Figure 3.2 Returns to Secondary Education Are High and Rising Faster than Educational Attainment in Uganda -- Figure 3.3 Unemployment for Youth by Educational Attainment in Selected Countries in SSA -- Figure 3.4 Head of Household's Level of Education and Probability of Belonging to the Poorest Two Quintiles -- Figure 3.5 Illustrative Relationship Between Human Capital and Economic Growth -- Figure 4.1 Investing in Human Capital -- Figure 4.2 Secondary School Enrollment Rates in Europe, 1955 -- Figure 4.3 Secondary Gross Enrollment Ratio (percent) in Selected Asian Countries, 1970-2005 -- Figure 5.1 Youth Dependency Ratio in Populous Countries and Regions, 2005 -- Figure 5.2 Scenarios for the Expansion of Enrollment in Secondary Education with Different Transition Rates -- Figure 5.3 Enrollment Patterns in SSA -- Figure 5.4 Disparities in Teacher Allocation in Junior Secondary Schools, Malawi, 2001 -- Figure 5.5 JSE and SSE Teachers' Salaries as Multiples of GDP Per Capita, Latest Available Dates (1998-2004) -- Figure 5.6 Private and Household Expenditure on Secondary Education in SSA Countries, Latest Available Dates, 1998-2004 -- Figure 7.1 Salary Cost Per Student and Enrollment -- Figure 9.1 Decision Pathways for Secondary Education.

Figure 10.1 Education Official Development Assistance Disbursements in SSA.