Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- The achievements and challenges of agricultural water management -- The changing global and national contexts for AWM -- The future stresses and risks caused by rising food demand and intensification of irrigated agriculture -- Policies, institutions, and investments to promote agricultural water in development -- The primary messages of the report: Toward an action plan -- Postscript on Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1 The Diversity, Contributions, and Achievements of Agricultural Water Management -- 1.1 The diversity of agricultural water management must be recognized in any analysis of the sector. -- 1.2 Irrigated agriculture has been vital to meeting fast-rising food demand. -- 1.3 Agricultural water management has contributed significantly to rural economic growth and poverty reduction. -- 2 The Challenges Facing Agricultural Water Management -- 2.1 The rate of irrigation expansion is slowing down. -- 2.2 Water availability for irrigated agriculture is increasingly constrained. -- 2.3 The groundwater irrigation revolution has been achieved at the price of the depletion of these resources in many regions. -- 2.4 Publicly managed irrigation schemes have generally performed poorly. -- 2.5 Water management for rainfed agriculture has been neglected. -- 2.6 Technology is available, but often is not disseminated and adopted. -- 2.7 The environmental impacts of agricultural water management have been neglected. -- 3 The Changing Global and National Contexts for Agricultural Water Management -- 3.1 Changes in the global development context are affecting agricultural water management. -- 3.2 Changing water resources management priorities are affecting AWM policies. -- 3.3 Development approaches in agricultural water management are evolving.

3.4 The roles of the respective AWM stakeholders are changing. -- 4 The Future Contributions of Agricultural Water Management and Potential Risks -- 4.1 Matching future supply and demand for agricultural products will continue to be a challenge for agricultural water manage -- 4.2 As demand for irrigated crops grows and water and land resources are constrained, water productivity must increase. -- 4.3 There is considerable scope for improved water management for rainfed agriculture. -- 4.4 Limited expansion of the irrigated area can take place. -- 4.5 Resulting increases in water withdrawals for irrigation may strain the water resource base. -- 4.6 Changes in agricultural water management of the required magnitude will create risks for the environment and society. -- 5 Policy and Institutional Options to Promote Agricultural Water Management's Contribution to Development -- 5.1 Global and regional policies for agricultural water management -- 5.2 National policies for agricultural water management -- 5.3 Agricultural policy and agricultural water management -- 5.4 Fiscal policy, incentives, and agricultural water management -- 5.5 The need for major institutional changes: The roles of government, users, and the private sector -- 5.6 Women are agricultural water managers, too. -- 5.7 Irrigation and agricultural water management interventions should be targeted more at poverty reduction. -- 5.8 Agricultural water management and the environment -- 6 Investment Options to Promote Agricultural Water Management -- 6.1 The range of investments in irrigation and agricultural water management -- 6.2 The evolving investment options in agricultural water management -- 6.3 Financing investment in agricultural water management -- 6.4 Strengthening the poverty-reduction focus of agricultural water management investments -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- Figures.

1.1 Total Cereals Demand and Per Capita Consumption -- 1.2 Per Capita Cereals Consumption by Region, 1997-9 -- 1.3 Production Indices for Mainly Irrigated and Mainly Rainfed Crops, 1997-9 -- 1.4 Increases in Production and Yields for Fruits and Vegetables in Developing Countries, 1961-3 to 2002-4 -- 1.5 Sources of Growth in Crop Production, 1961-99 -- 1.6 Daily Per Capita Food Consumption -- 1.7 Incidence of Undernourishment in Developing Countries -- 2.1 The Decline of Water Availability in Developing Countries -- 3.1 Rates of Return on Investment by Stage of Development of Water Infrastructure -- 4.1 Anticipated Sources of Growth in Crop Production, 1997-2030 -- 4.2 Projected Increases in Production and Yields for Predominantly Irrigated Crops in Developing Countries -- 4.3 Irrigation Efficiencies, 1997-9 and 2030 -- 4.4 Potential Efficiency of Alternative Irrigation Systems -- 4.5 Irrigated Cropping Intensities, 1997-9 and 2030 -- 4.6 Share of Irrigated and Rainfed in Cereal Production Increase, 1995-2025 -- 4.7 Water Resources Infrastructure in Ethiopia -- 4.8 Projected Irrigated Land Expansion by Region, 1997-9 to 2030 -- 4.9 Groundwater Withdrawals in Developing Countries, 1995 and 2025 -- 4.10 Withdrawals as Percentage of Renewable Resources in Key Basins, 1995 and 2025 -- 5.1 Rainfall Variation and GDP Growth -- 5.2 GDP Growth in Ethiopia under Conditions of Variable Rainfall -- 5.3 The Amount of Water Used to Grow Food -- 5.4 Trade Flows between Developing and Developed Countries -- 5.5 Poverty Headcount in Irrigated and Rainfed Areas -- 6.1 Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation in Selected Countries -- 6.2 Estimated Water Reflows, 2000 -- 6.3 Water Treatment Gaps -- Tables -- 1.1 Irrigated Land Expansion by Region of the Developing World, 1961-2000 -- 1.2 Features of Publicly and Privately Managed Irrigation Systems.

1.3 Irrigated and Rainfed Crops in the Developing Countries -- 1.4 Cereals Self-Sufficiency by Region (1997-9) -- 2.1 Indicative Annual Investment in Water Services for Developing Countries -- 2.2 Virtual Water Content of Diets -- 2.3 Virtual Water Content for Selected Products -- 2.4 Renewable Water Resources and Irrigation Water Requirements in Developing Countries -- 2.5 Global Distribution of Cropland and of the Percentage of Land Drained -- 2.6 Major Production Basins Affected by Land Degradation Due to Salinity -- 3.1 Research Programs and Projects of CGIAR Institutes Relevant to Agricultural Water Management -- 3.2 Possible Climatic Changes in the 21st Century and Their Likely Impacts on Water Resources and Agriculture -- 3.3 Regional Impacts of Climate Change -- 4.1 Summary of Selected Variables in FAO and IFPRI/IWMI Supply and Demand Projections for Developing Country Irrigated and Ra -- 4.2 Annual Percentage Rates of Increase in Crop Production Projected by Region of the Developing World, 1969-2030 -- 4.3 Projected Changes in the Commodity Composition of Food Consumption for 93 Developing Countries -- 4.4 More from Less: Water Productivity Gains from Shifting to Drip from Conventional Surface Irrigation in India -- 4.5 Share of Rainfed and Irrigated Production in Total Crop Production in Developing Countries -- 4.6 Annual Renewable Water Resources and Irrigation Water Requirements in Developing Countries, 1997-9 to 2030 -- 4.7 Projected Increases in World Water Consumption, Total and Irrigation -- 5.1 Selected Elements for a Research Agenda in AWM -- 5.2 Environmentally Harmful Consequences of Irrigation Subsidies -- 6.1 Coverage of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation -- 6.2 Current and Likely Future Investment Patterns in Agricultural Water Management -- 6.3 Financing Irrigation and Agricultural Water Management.

6.4 Types of Management in Irrigation -- 6.5 Typical Areas for Public Financing and Interventions in Agricultural Water Management -- 6.6 How Agricultural Water Management Interventions Contribute to Poverty Reduction -- Boxes -- 1.1 Multifunctionality in Paddy Cultivation in Monsoon Asia -- 2.1 Spotlight on Large-Scale Irrigation Management -- 2.2 Irrigation Water Quality and Health in Egypt -- 3.1 The Challenge Program on Water for Food -- 3.2 World Bank Safeguard Policies -- 3.3 Private Investment in Irrigation in Latin America -- 4.1 Defining Irrigation Efficiency, Crop Water Productivity, and Evapotranspiration -- 4.2 The China Tarim Basin II Project -- 4.3 Developing Less-Water-Intensive Rice Production Systems -- 4.4 Fertigation-Fertilization and Irrigation Working Together -- 4.5 Participation Aids Innovation in Rainfed Systems. -- 4.6 The Risk of Water Pollution from Agricultural Sources -- 5.1 Hot Spots for Irrigation and Riparian Issues -- 5.2 Affordable Drip Irrigation -- 5.3 Morocco-The Dilemma of an Irrigated Agriculture Constrained by Lack of Market Opportunity -- 5.4 Using Temporary Subsidies to Improve AWM-Mexico -- 5.5 Local Groundwater Management -- 5.6 Saving Groundwater through Demand Management -- 5.7 Accelerating Local Regulation through Participatory Hydrological Monitoring -- 5.8 Formalization of Water Rights in Peru -- 5.9 Market Links Drive Smallholder Irrigation Investment and Production in Zambia. -- 5.10 Nigeria-National Fadama Development Project -- 5.11 China-Struggling with Food Self-Sufficiency Goals as Water Shortages Grow -- 5.12 Using Block Tariffs to Conserve Water and Improve Environmental Quality -- 5.13 Automated Irrigation Charge Collection System in Shandong, China -- 5.14 ICID's Five Principles for Sustainable Cost Recovery in Irrigation -- 5.15 Nonprice Instruments to Promote Water Use Efficiency.

5.16 Using a Mix of Incentives in the Jordan Valley.