Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- 1. Education in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and Context -- The Context: The Land, People and Recent History Geographical Spread -- Political and Administrative Structure -- Demographic Context -- Economic Growth, Poverty and Social Development -- The System of Educational Administration-School Education -- Administration of Higher Education -- Legal Framework for the Unsubsidized Private Sector in Education -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- 2. Overview of the Education System-Growth and Efficiency -- Structure of the Education System -- Data Sources -- Analysis of Enrollment Statistics -- Analysis of Household Survey Data-Primary Education -- Summary and Recommendations -- 3. Education Finance in the Democratic Republic of Congo -- Public Spending on Education-Trends and Composition -- Household Financing of Primary and Secondary Education -- The Components of Costs in Primary and Secondary Education-Teachers' Salaries, Textbooks and Construction Costs -- 4. Quality in Primary and Secondary Education-Learning Outcomes and Learning Conditions -- Student Achievement In Primary Education -- Student Performance in Secondary Education -- Learning Conditions in Public Primary Schools -- Learning Conditions in Public Secondary Schools -- The Pedagogical Support System -- Management of the School System -- Summary and Recommendations -- ANNEX 4-1: Characteristics of the Achievement Test -- 5. Higher Education -- Organization of Higher Education -- Personnel in Higher Education -- Quality of Programs -- Costs and Financing -- Summary and Recommendations -- 6. Financial Simulations -- Key Scenarios and Assumptions -- Evaluation of Scenarios: Impact on Coverage Indicators -- Impact on Expenditure Requirements.

Expenditure Composition, Per Pupil Expenditures and External Aid Requirements under Scenario 4 -- Summary and Directions for Future Analysis -- ANNEX 6-1: Quality I provement Measures -- LIST OF TABLES -- 1.1. Forest Areas by Province (1990) -- 1.2. Population Estimates and Projections (millions) -- 1.3. Percentage Distribution of the Population by 5 Year Age Groups -- 1.4. Distribution of Population by Province (estimates), 2002 -- 1.5. Output and Inflation (1997-2002) -- 1.6. Social and Health Indicators by Province -- 2.1. Structure of the Education System in DRC -- 2.2. Growth of the Education System in DRC-1986/87 and 2001/02 -- 2.3. Percentage Increase between 1986/87 and 2001/02 -- 2.4. Average Annual Growth Rate of Enrollment by Stage of Education -- 2.5. Growth of Secondary Education by Stream -- 2.6. Gross Enrollment Ratio by Level of Education -- 2.7. Representation of Girls in Primary and Secondary Education-by Province -- 2.8. Gross Enrollment Rates by Gender, Province and Level of Education (2001/02) -- 2.9. Promotion, Repetition and Dropout Rates at the Primary Stage -- 2.10. Coefficient of Internal Efficiency, 2000-01 -- 2.11. Comparison of GER Based on the Annuaires statistiques and MICS 2001 -- 2.12. GER and NER of Households Ranked by Wealth Index -- 2.13. Children Aged Above 11 Years Old in Primary Classes -- 2.14. Mean Age by Class and Wealth Group -- 2.15. Percentage of Enrollment by Age and Wealth Index -- 3.1. Central Government Finances and External Debt -- 3.2. Public Expenditures on Education (in current prices) -- 3.3. Real Public Expenditures (in millions of constant 2002 US dollars) -- 3.4. Sub-Sectoral Shares of Public Spending on Education -- 3.5. Composition of Recurrent Public Expenditure (actual 2002) -- 3.6. Real Per Pupil Expenditures (in constant 2002 US dollars).

3.7. Per Pupil Expenditure in Primary and Secondary Schools, 2002 -- 3.8. Administrative Staff, 2002 -- 3.9. Share of Teaching and Non-Teaching Staff in Education Institutions, 2002 -- 3.10. Factors Affecting Unit Costs -- 3.11. Deviation between Estimated Salary Bill and Actual Salary Payment, 2002 -- 3.12. Pupil Fees and Charges in Public Schools -- 3.13. Per Pupil Charges for Primary Public Schools By Provinces, 2003 and 2004 (in FC) -- 3.14. Per Pupil Charges for Secondary by Type of School (FC), 2003 and 2004 -- 3.15. Earnings of Teachers and School Directors in Public and Private Primary Schools in FC (2003, areas under government con -- 3.16. Earnings of Teachers in Public and Private Secondary Schools in FC (2003, areas under government control) -- 3.17. Cost of Construction-DRC and Other African Countries -- 3.18. Cost of Classroom Construction-International Comparisons -- 4.1. Target Schools-Average Scores in French and Mathematics -- 4.2. Comparator Schools-Average Scores in French and Mathematics -- 4.3. Average Scores in French by Competency -Congolese Students -- 4.4. Comparison of Average Scores in Language (4th grade Congolese, 2nd and 4th grade French students) -- 4.5. Average Scores in Mathematics by Sub-Domain-Congolese Students -- 4.6. Comparison of Average Scores in Mathematics (4th grade Congolese and 4th grade French students) -- 4.7. Determinants of Pupil Achievement in French (MLA test) -- 4.8. Type of Construction and Age of Primary Classrooms (public schools) -- 4.9. Percentage of Primary Schools Where Classrooms are in Bad Condition (Public Schools) -- 4.10. Primary Teachers' Qualifications and Age (2003) -- 4.11. Distribution of Public Primary Teachers by Education Level and Province (2001-02) -- 4.12. Class Size in Primary Schools (2001-02) -- 4.13. Proportion of Primary Schools with Small Classes (2001-02).

4.14. Proportion of Primary Schools with Large Classes (2001-02) -- 4.15. Age Distribution of Children in Class 1 -- 4.16. Primary Education: Organization of Time in School -- 4.17. Average Age of Teachers in Public Secondary Schools-2003 (in years) -- 4.18. Percentage of Secondary Classes Not Conforming to Class Size Norms (2001-02) -- 4.19. Instructional Materials Sold to Schools (1998-2003) -- 4.20. Regression Results on Adherence to Norms for Personnel in Primary Education Dependent Variable: Actual personnel in a s -- 5.1. Capacity and Actual Enrollment of Public Institutions in Kinshasa, 1989-2000 -- 5.2. Estimates of Student Enrollment by Faculty in Public Institutions -- 5.3. Academic and Scientific Personnel in Public Higher Education, July 2003 -- 5.4. Administrative, Technical and Other Staff in Public Higher Institutions, November 2002 -- 5.5. Internal Effciency in University of Kinshasa, 1999 -2000 -- 5.6. Percentage Share of Graduates from UNIKIN and UNILU 1996/97-2001/02 -- 5.7. Annual Teaching Hours of UNIKIN Professors Teaching in Université Kongo, Faculty of Economics -- 5.8. Sources of Finance, University of Kinshasa-1998 and 2002 (excluding direct state subsidies) -- 5.9. Composition of Expenditure, University of Kinshasa 1998 and 2002 (excluding direct state expenditures) -- 5.10. Receipts of the Université Kongo, 2002 (US dollars) -- 5.11. Composition of Expenditure of the Université Kongo, 2002 (US dollars) -- 5.12. Total Earnings of Professors in UNIKIN by source, 2000 (US dollars) -- 6.1. Definition of Scenarios -- 6.2. Common Assumptions -Demographic and Economic Parameters -- 6.3. Quality Parameters (US)-All Scenarios -- 6.4. Cost Saving Measures -- 6.5. Coverage Indicators -- 6.6. Summary of Expenditure Requirements for the Education Sector -- 6.7. Sub-Sectoral Shares of Public Spending, by Scenario, 2015.

6.8. Composition of Public Expenditure on Education under Scenario 4 (including expenditures by Central and local governments -- 6.9. Composition of Public Recurrent and Investment Spending by Sub-sector, Scenario 4 -- 6.10. Annual Construction Requirements, Scenario 4 -- 6.11. Public and Household per Pupil Recurrent Expenditure in Public Schools, Scenario 4 -- 6.12. Per Pupil Public Non-personnel Recurrent Expenditure by Category, Scenario 4 (US) -- 6.13. Annual External Aid Requirements by Sub-sector, Scenario 4 -- LIST OF CHARTS -- 2.1. Growth of Primary Enrollment (public and private) -- 2.2. Growth of Secondary Enrollment (public and private) -- 2.3. Growth of Higher Education Enrollment (public and private) -- 2.4. Schooling Profile for Primary, 2000-01 -- 2.5. Schooling Profile for Secondary, 2000 -01 -- 4.1. Confidence Intervals for Test scores in Language for French and Congolese Student -- 4.2. Plot of Teachers and Pupils in Primary Schools (Annuaires statistiques 2001-02) -- BOX -- 2.1. Note on Data Sources for Primary and Secondary Education.