Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Overview -- Why Are Tropical Forests a Concern? -- This Report's Aims, Audience, and Scope -- This Report's Arguments and Structure -- Setting the Stage: Two Contrasting Cases of Poverty, Wealth, Biodiversity, and Deforestation -- Poverty, Biodiversity Loss, and Deforestation in Madagascar -- Wealth, Biodiversity Loss, and Deforestation in Brazil's Cerrado -- Part I: The Where and Why of Deforestation and Forest Poverty -- 1. Forests Differ -- Three Stylized Forest Types -- From Stylized Types to Mapped Domains -- The Uneven Distribution of Forest Populations -- Trends in Forest Change -- Threatened Species-Concentrated in Less-remote Areas and Mosaiclands -- Summary -- 2. Incentives and Constraints Shape Forest Outcomes -- The View from the Forest Plot: Comparing the Returns to Forestry and Agriculture -- How Do Agroclimate, Prices, Technology, Tenure, and Other Factors Affect Deforestation and Income? -- Forest Trajectories: Roads, Markets, and Rights Shape Outcomes for Environment and Income -- Summary -- 3. Poverty in Forests Stems from Remoteness and Lack of Rights -- Poverty Rates and Poverty Density: Two Ways of Viewing Poor Areas -- Remote Forests-High Poverty Rates, Low Poverty Densities -- Incomes of Forest Dwellers Depend on Rights and Access to Forestlands -- Forests, Poverty, and Deforestation: Ambiguous Relationships -- Summary -- 4. Deforestation Imposes Geographically Varied Environmental Damages -- Biodiversity Loss-A Local and Global Concern -- How Does Deforestation Affect Water, Air, and Weather? -- Deforestation Spurs Climate Change -- Forest Loss-Sometimes Irreversible -- Summary -- Part II: Institutional and Policy Responses -- 5. Improving Forest Governance -- Who Should Have Rights over Forests? Which Rights?.

How Should Society Balance Environmental Services against Production of Food, Fiber, and Wood? -- Balancing Interests while Enforcing Commitments -- Catalytic Innovations in Institutions and Technology -- Summary -- 6. Local and National Policies: Framing Rights and Incentives for Forest Management -- The Challenge of Forest Confl ict -- Forest Rights and Restrictions-A Range of Possibilities -- Public Management of Forests: Protected Areas and Concessions -- Community Control of Forests-Balancing Rights and Responsibilities -- Private Property-Especially in Mosaiclands -- Other Development Policies with Forest Spillovers -- Summary -- 7. Mobilizing Global Interests for Forest Conservation -- Forest Carbon Finance: An Ungrasped Opportunity -- Why Carbon Finance Makes Sense for Climate -- Why Carbon Finance Makes Sense for Forests and Rural Development -- Financing Avoided Deforestation: Problems and Solutions -- Implementing Incentives for Avoided Deforestation -- Related Opportunities for Biodiversity Conservation -- Summary -- 8. Conclusions and Recommendations -- International Level -- National Level -- Accelerating the Forest Transition -- Appendix A: Tables -- A.1 Findings of Studies Assessing How Road Proximity Affects Deforestation -- A.2 Findings of Studies on How Roads Affect Development -- A.3 Forest Management and Tenure -- Appendix B: Data and Methods -- References -- Index -- Boxes -- 1 Unreliable Generalizations about Deforestation and Poverty -- 2 The World Bank's Forest Strategy -- 3 This Report's Recommendations -- 1.1 This Report's Geographic Scope -- 1.2 Mapping the Domains and Tallying Their Populations -- 2.1 The Forest Transition -- 4.1 Forest Fragmentation Can Trigger Local Ecological Collapse -- 4.2 Trees and Carbon: Lessons from Biology for Forest Policy -- 6.1 Cameroon: A Nexus of Institutional Reform.

6.2 Self-assembling Biodiversity Corridors: Reconciling Voluntary Participation Decisions with Landscape-level Goals -- 8.1 This Report's Recommendations -- Figures -- 1 Structure of This Report's Arguments -- 1.1 Forests Vary Greatly in Population Density, 2000 -- 1.2 Africa and Latin America Have Higher Degradation on Better Soils, 1990-2000 -- 1.3 The Incidence of Threatened Amphibian Species Is Much Higher in Nonremote Areas -- 1.4 Imminent Extinction Sites Are Concentrated Near Cities -- 2.1 Deforestation in Brazilian Amazônia Is Shaped by Rainfall and Farmgate Prices of Beef, 2001-03 -- 2.2 A Stylized Model of How Land Use Changes with Remoteness -- 2.3 As Remoteness Increases, Mosaiclands Are Displaced by Forests, 2000 -- 3.1 Extreme Rural Poverty Increases with Travel Time to Managua -- 3.2 Rural Population Density Decreases with Travel Time to Managua -- 3.3 Forest Cover Increases with Travel Time to Managua -- 3.4 Most Deforestation in Brazilian Amazônia Reflects Large- and Medium-scale Clearing, August 2000 to July 2003 -- 3.5 Illiteracy and Forest Cover Have No Clear Link in India -- 4.1 Guatemala Critical Watersheds Have High Poverty Rates -- 4.2 Deforestation Would Be Unprofi table in Many Land Systems at Modest Carbon Prices -- 5.1 Optimizing the Mix of Agricultural Output and Biodiversity -- 5.2 Indonesians Favor Some Restrictions on Forest Exploitation -- 6.1 Protected Areas Have Grown Rapidly in Tropical and Subtropical Forests -- 6.2 Recent Decades Have Seen Little Change in the Remoteness of New Protected Areas -- 8.1 Some Forested Countries Will See Shrinking Rural Populations -- Maps -- 1.1 This Report's Focus: Tropical Forests and Savanna Woodlands -- 1.2 Domains in Africa's Tropical Forest Biomes -- 1.3 Domains in Africa's Tropical Savanna Biomes -- 1.4 Domains in Asia's Tropical Forest Biomes.

1.5 Domains in Latin American and Caribbean Tropical Forest Biomes -- 1.6 Domains in Latin American and Caribbean Tropical Savanna Biomes -- 1.7 Hotspots of Tropical Deforestation -- 1.8 Imminent Extinction Hotspots -- 3.1a Poverty Rates for Brazil -- 3.1b Poverty Densities for Brazil -- 3.2 Amazônian Deforestation 2000-03 Showing Rates and Predominant Clearing Size -- 3.3 Amazônian Deforestation Rates and Rural Illiteracy Densities -- 3.4 Poverty, Forests, and Deforestation in Kalimantan -- 3.5 Poverty, Forests, and Deforestation in Sulawesi -- 3.6 Forest Cover, Deforestation, and Poverty in Madagascar -- 4.1 Mortality Risks from Landslides -- Tables -- 1 Alternative Bundles of Forest Rights -- 1.2 Stylized Forest Types Have Equivalents in Mapped Domains -- 1.3 Forest Populations and Areas Vary by Continent, Biome, Domain, and Remoteness, 2000 -- 1.4 Estimated Annual Deforestation Is Highest in Latin America and Asia, 1990-97 -- 1.5 During the 1990s Savannas and Asian Forests Experienced Considerable Degradation -- 2.1 Land Values in Forested Areas Vary Enormously -- 2.2 Predictions of How Changes in Local Variables Will Affect the Environment and Welfare -- 2.3 Five Trajectories of Forest Cover, Income, and Population -- 3.1 How Does Increasing Remoteness from Markets Affect Poverty and the Environment? -- 4.1 Externalities of Deforestation Vary by Location of Source and Impact -- 6.1 Examples of Forest Ownership and Use Restrictions -- 6.2 Integrated Conservation-Development Project Interventions Have a Mixed Record -- 6.3 Latin American Countries Impose Varying Restrictions on Deforestation of Private Property -- 7.1 Policies to Reward Avoided Deforestation Can Have Synergistic Effects -- A.1 Findings of Studies Assessing How Road Proximity Affects Deforestation -- A.2 Findings of Studies on How Roads Affect Development.

A.3 Forest Management and Tenure -- B.1 GLC2000 Land Cover Categories.