Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms -- Executive Summary -- 1. The Role of Agricultural Growth in Development Strategies to Benefit the Poor -- Agriculture's Central Role in Meeting the Millennium Development Goals -- As Economies Change, Links between Agriculture and the Poor Change -- 2. The Rapidly Changing Context for Agriculture: Challenges and Opportunities -- The Changing Context: The Demand Side -- The Changing Context: The Supply Side -- The Changing Global Environment: From Commerce to Climate Change -- Who's Who in Agriculture: Changing Players, Changing Partners -- Rapid Change and the Need for New Approaches -- 3. Policies and Institutions to Accelerate Agricultural Growth for the Poor -- Promoting the Global Agenda -- An Agenda for Policies and Institutions at the National Level -- 4. Public Investments for Pro-Poor Growth -- The Rationale for Public Sector Investment -- Public-Private Partnerships to Promote Private Investment and Market Development -- Declining Allocations of Public Expenditures to Agriculture: Causes, Effects, and Solutions -- Public Investment in Physical Capital to Keep Agriculture Competitive -- Public Investment in Human and Social Capital to Benefit the Poor -- Public Investment in Natural Capital to Sustain the Environment -- Matching Grants to Provide Public Goods and Income -- Entry Points for Public Policy -- Getting Policies, Institutions, and Investments Right -- 5. Tailoring Development Support to Diverse Agricultural Systems -- Three Agricultural Megasystems -- Five Pathways to Foster Agricultural Growth in Different Contexts -- Agricultural Growth in Irrigated High-Potential Systems -- Agricultural Growth in High- and Medium-Potential Systems with Limited Access to Markets -- Agricultural Growth and Sustainability in Marginal Drylands.

Increasing the Impact of Investments in Diverse Agricultural Contexts -- 6. Getting Agriculture Back on the Development Agenda -- Improving Investments in Agriculture -- Conclusions: Increasing Impact and Getting Agriculture Back on the Development Agenda -- Endnotes -- References -- Index -- Figures -- 1.1 Changes in Household Incomes in Southern India, 1973-84 -- 1.2 Impact of Cassava R&D on Household Income in Nigeria -- 1.3 India: Elasticity of Poverty Reduction with Respect to Yield Growth, 1958-94 -- 1.4 Malnourished Children in 2020: Alternative Scenarios by Region -- 1.5 Rural Workload by Gender: Selected African Countries -- 1.6 Structural Transformation: Sub-Saharan Africa, 1961-2000 -- 1.7 Agriculture and Agribusiness in Developing Countries: 1992 -- 1.8 Structural Transformation: East Asia and Pacific, 1961-2001 -- 1.9 The Percent and Number of People Employed in Agriculture, Poland and Brazil, 1962-1997 -- 2.1 Real Commodity Prices, 1975-2001 -- 2.2 Changing Composition of Developing Country Agro-Food Exports -- 2.3 Per Capita Consumption Increase by Food Group, India, 1977-99 -- 2.4 Rural and Urban Population Growth in Asia, 2000-30 -- 2.5 Share of Population in Urban Areas, 2000-30 -- 2.6 Percent of Total Population Over 60 -- 3.1 Income Gains from Accelerated Trade Liberalization -- 3.2 Agricultural Research Investment as a Share of Agricultural GDP, Public Sector Only -- 4.1 Characteristics and Types of Economic Goods -- 4.2 Entry Points for Demand- and Supply-Side Stimulation -- 5.1 High-Potential Irrigated Areas: Agricultural Population Distribution by Region -- 5.2 The Relative Weight of Strategic Options in High-Potential Areas -- 5.3 High-Potential Low-Access Areas: Agricultural Population Distribution by Region -- 5.4 The Relative Weight of Strategic Options in High-Potential Low-Access Areas.

5.5 Marginal Drylands: Agricultural Population Distribution by Region -- 5.6 The Relative Weight of Strategic Options in Marginal Drylands -- Tables -- 1.1 Effect of 1 Percent Increase in Crop Yields on Poverty Reduction -- 1.2 The Share of Agriculture and Poor People in Developing and Transitional Countries -- 2.1 Changing Emphasis in Agricultural Growth Strategies in the World Bank's Rural Strategy -- 3.1 Estimated Rates of Return to Investment in Agricultural Research -- 4.1 Economic Characteristics and Delivery of Animal Health Services -- 4.2 Impacts of Public Investments in Agriculture: China and India -- 4.3 Composition of Total Public Expenditures, 1980 and 1998 -- 4.4 Effect of Remoteness on Farming Systems and Poverty in Madagascar -- 5.1 Characteristics of Agriculture in Three Megasystems -- 5.2 Recent World Bank-Financed Development Projects in Dryland Areas -- Annex 1 Major Farming Systems That Fall within Each of the Three Megasystems -- Annex 2 Strategies and Priorities to Promote Economic Growth and Reduce Poverty in Three Megasystems -- 6.1 Important Agricultural Productivity Investment Areas for Scaling Up -- 6.2 Important Investment Areas for Pilot Testing -- Annex 1 Rural Strategies of Other Donor Agencies and Regional Development Banks -- Annex 2 Key Characteristics of the Main Financial Development Instruments -- Boxes -- 1.1 Millennium Development Goals, 1990-2015 -- 1.2 Tanzania: Agriculture as a Leader of Growth in the Early Stages of Development -- 1.3 Links among Agriculture, Rural Nonfarm Growth, and Urban Areas Change as Economies Develop -- 1.4 Who and Where Are the "Agricultural Poor"? -- 2.1 Nontraditional Products in Uganda and Kenya -- 2.2 Asia: Crop Yields Are Growing More Slowly -- 2.3 The Privatization of Knowledge for the Privileged Few -- 2.4 Conserving Resources for Agriculture.

2.5 The Winners: High Levels of Producer Support in OECD Countries -- 2.6 The Losers: Cotton Subsidies and the Cost to African Farmers -- 2.7 International Agreements Are a Force for Change in Agriculture -- 2.8 Is Agriculture's Role in Pro-Poor Growth Now Different? -- 3.1 Nile Perch and the Upstream Battle to Meet Safety Standards -- 3.2 Major Contributions by CGIAR to International Agricultural Research -- 3.3 Selling Environmental Services in Latin America -- 3.4 República Bolivariana de Venezuela: The Negative Impacts of Inappropriate Macroeconomic Policy -- 3.5 Mexico: Cash Transfer Programs Benefit Smallholders without Distorting Production Incentives -- 3.6 Benin: Success and Failure in Reforming the Cotton Sector -- 3.7 Two Approaches to Fertilizer Subsidies Yield Contrasting Results -- 3.8 Policies in the Indian Punjab Discourage Diversification into New Crops -- 3.9 Input Voucher Programs Link Poor Farmers with Private Input Dealers -- 3.10 Operation Flood: A Dairy Project Reaches Millions of Poor and Landless People in India -- 3.11 Multiple Effects of Local Agricultural Research Committees in Latin America -- 3.12 Making Extension More Relevant and Accountable to Users: Experience in República Bolivariana de Venezuela -- 3.13 Snow Peas Support Indigenous Households in Guatemala -- 3.14 Mali: Building Mango Export Systems -- 3.15 Smallholders and the Growing Market for Organic Products -- 3.16 Rural People Demand a Range of Financial Services -- 3.17 Kenya's Equity Building Society: Bringing Banking Services Directly to Rural Customers -- 3.18 Mali: Self-Managed Village Savings and Credit Banks Assist the Rural Poor -- 3.19 Pastoralists Manage Extreme Environmental Risk in Kenya and Mongolia -- 3.20 A Tanzanian Coffee Cooperative Wakes Up to Ways of Hedging Its Price Risk -- 3.21 Insurance Protects Producers from Drought in India.

3.22 Laos: Land Titling Yields Results for Women and Men -- 3.23 Chile: Water Rights Encourage Diversification and Reduce Poverty -- 3.24 Roles of Regulation for Economic and Social Well-Being -- 4.1 Making Public Expenditures on Agriculture More Effective in Zambia -- 4.2 Rural Infrastructure: Key Areas for Investment -- 4.3 Massive Investments Are Needed for Africa's Rural Infrastructure to Reach Levels of India over 50 Years Ago -- 4.4 Tanzania: Decentralization Puts Roads on the Map Again -- 4.5 Brazil: Empowering Communities to Reach Their Development Objectives -- 4.6 Ways to Invest in Natural Capital at the Farm Level -- 4.7 Turkey: Restoring Watersheds and Forests in Eastern Anatolia -- 4.8 Steps to Create Successful Grant Programs -- 4.9 Ecuador: Competitive Grants -- 4.10 Chile: Matching Grants for Small- and Medium-Size Enterprises (SMEs) -- 5.1 Farmers of "Three Rural Worlds" -- 5.2 Smallholders and Agribusiness: Contract Production in Northern Thailand -- 5.3 China: Reforming Agricultural Research Systems for Market-Oriented Agriculture -- 5.4 Mali: Success in Combining Policy Reforms, Institutional Reforms, and Strategic Investments -- 5.5 East Asia: Drowning in a Sea of Livestock Waste? -- 5.6 Small African Seed Enterprises -- 5.7 Senegal Supports a Rigorous and Demand-Driven Research Agenda -- 5.8 Brazil Takes the Long View and Adopts Conservation Tillage Farming -- 5.9 India: Designing a Socially Inclusive Watershed Project -- 5.10 Zimbabwe: Uneven Benefits from Community Management of Natural Resources -- 5.11 India: Sharing the Costs and Benefits of Watershed Management -- 6.1 Bulgaria: Broad-Based Adjustment Lending to Improve Policies for Agriculture -- 6.2 It (Sometimes) Pays to Participate: Representation in the PRSP Process Can Lead to Increased Support.

6.3 AAPP: Adapting Donor Procedures to Get African Agriculture Research Moving Again.