Contents -- Foreword -- Executive Summary -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- 1 Challenges in Scaling up Treatment -- The economic impact of HIV/AIDS and ART -- Estimating resource requirements -- Long-term economic effect of HIV/AIDS and other considerations -- 2 Intellectual Property Rights: A Concise Guide -- Introduction to this concise guide -- How patents affect medicines procurement -- Least developed countries -- Developing countries -- A note on "parallel imports" -- Registration and data exclusivity -- 3 Managing the Supply Cycle for Better Outcomes -- Who does what? -- What tasks need to be done? -- Who is already carrying out these tasks? -- Monitoring procurement results -- 4 Product Selection, Quantification, and Quality Assurance -- Product selection -- How drugs should be selected for HIV-related treatment -- Product quantification -- Quality assurance and supplier selection -- Testing and laboratory capacity -- 5 Procurement -- Assessing capacity -- Commodities that support the HIV/AIDS program -- Planning procurement -- Registering products -- Choosing procurement methods -- 6 Pricing -- What determines drug prices? -- Additional price determinants in retail markets -- How can public purchasers bargain for low prices? -- Annex A. Estimating Resource Requirements for AIDS Treatment -- Annex B. Intellectual Property Rights: How They Affect Procurement and What Steps Can Be Taken -- Annex C. HIV Test Kits and Other Diagnostics -- Glossary -- Index -- Boxes -- 1.1 The long-term economic consequences of AIDS in South Africa -- 1.2 ART and drug resistance -- 3.1 Who can help in selection and quantification? -- 3.2 Who can help with regulatory issues of product registration, intellectual property, and import? -- 3.3 Who can help with procurement? -- 3.4 Who can help with storage and distribution?.

4.1 Useful references for quantification -- 5.1 Social marketing: another way to distribute -- 5.2 Useful references on procurement -- 6.1 Examples of pooled procurement initiatives -- 6.2 Sources of information on production costs and prices -- 6.3 Evidence of equity pricing for ARVs -- B.1 Parallel importing -- B.2 Parallel imports in South Africa-under the rule of international exhaustion -- Figures -- 2.1 Intellectual property rights checklist: least developed country -- 2.2 Intellectual property rights checklist: developing country -- 2.3 Can a country use World Bank funds to procure generic ARVs? -- 3.1 The medicines supply cycle -- 3.2 Tasks and stages of the supply cycle -- 5.1 Commodities that support the HIV/AIDS program -- 5.2 Procurement flowchart -- 6.1 Pharmaceutical supply chain -- 6.2 Drug procurement and options for lowering prices -- Tables -- 4.1 WHO recommendations for initiating ART in adults and adolescents with documented HIV infection -- 4.2 WHO first-line ARV regimens in adults and adolescents and characteristics that can influence choice -- 4.3 Quantification methods -- 4.4 Calculating procurement quantities -- 4.5 Multisource and single- and limited-source products -- A.1 People living with HIV/AIDS in Burkina Faso, 2003-10 -- A.2 Projected cost of ART (drugs only) for all people with AIDS under high cost (1,000), low cost (333), and lowest cost ( -- A.3 Projected total cost of ART, per person per year, 2003 -- A.4 Projected total cost of ART for all people with AIDS in Burkina Faso, under high cost (1,730) and lowest cost (620) price scenarios, 2003-10 -- A.5 Projected number of people living with HIV/AIDS in Kenya and South Africa, 2002-10 -- A.6 Projected cost of ART (drugs only) for all people with AIDS in Kenya, under high cost (1,000), low cost (333), and lowest cost (140) price scenarios, 2002-10.

A.7 Projected cost of ART (drugs only) for all people with AIDS in South Africa, under high cost (1,000), low cost (333), and lowest cost (140) price scenarios, 2002-10 . -- A.8 Projected total costs of ART, per person per year, in Kenya and South Africa.