Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations and Data Notes -- Main Messages -- Overview: Changing the Climate for Development -- The case for action -- A climate-smart world is within reach if we act now, act together, and act differently -- Making it happen: New pressures, new instruments, and new resources -- 1 Understanding the Links between Climate Change and Development -- Unmitigated climate change is incompatible with sustainable development -- Evaluating the tradeoffs -- The costs of delaying the global mitigation effort -- Seizing the moment: Immediate stimulus and long-term transformations -- Focus A: The Science of Climate Change -- Part One -- 2 Reducing Human Vulnerability: Helping People Help Themselves -- Adaptive management: Living with change -- Managing physical risks: Avoiding the avoidable -- Managing financial risks: Flexible instruments for contingencies -- Managing social risks: Empower communities to protect themselves -- Looking ahead to 2050: Which world? -- Focus B: Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate -- 3 Managing Land and Water to Feed Nine Billion People and Protect Natural Systems -- Put in place the fundamentals for natural resource management -- Produce more from water and protect it better -- Producing more in agriculture while protecting the environment -- Produce more and protect better in fisheries and aquaculture -- Building flexible international agreements -- Reliable information is fundamental for good natural resource management -- Pricing carbon, food, and energy could be the springboard -- 4 Energizing Development without Compromising the Climate -- Balancing competing objectives -- Where the world needs to go: Transformation to a sustainable energy future -- Realizing the savings from energy efficiency -- Scaling up existing low-carbon technologies.

Accelerating innovation and advanced technologies -- Policies have to be integrated -- Part Two -- 5 Integrating Development into the Global Climate Regime -- Building the climate regime: Transcending the tensions between climate and development -- Options for integrating developing-country actions into the global architecture -- Support for developing-country mitigation efforts -- Promoting international efforts to integrate adaptation into climate-smart development -- Focus C: Trade and Climate Change -- 6 Generating the Funding Needed for Mitigation and Adaptation -- The financing gap -- Inefficiencies in existing climate-finance instruments -- Increasing the scale of climate-change finance -- Ensuring the transparent, efficient, and equitable use of funds -- Matching financing needs and sources of funds -- 7 Accelerating Innovation and Technology Diffusion -- The right tools, technologies, and institutions can put a climate-smart world well within our reach -- International collaboration and cost sharing can leverage domestic efforts to promote innovation -- Public programs, policies, and institutions power innovation and accelerate its diffusion -- 8 Overcoming Behavioral and Institutional Inertia -- Harnessing individuals' behavioral change -- Bringing the state back in -- Thinking politically about climate policy -- Climate-smart development starts at home -- Bibliographical Note -- Glossary -- Selected Indicators -- Table A1 Energy-related emissions and carbon intensity -- Table A2 Land-based emissions -- Table A3 Total primary energy supply -- Table A4 Natural disasters -- Table A5 Land, water, and agriculture -- Table A6 Wealth of nations -- Table A7 Innovation, research, and development -- Definitions and notes -- Symbols and aggregates -- Selected World Development Indicators -- Data sources and methodology.

Classification of economies and summary measures -- Terminology and country coverage -- Technical notes -- Symbols -- Classification of economies by region and income, FY2010 -- Table 1 Key indicators of development -- Table 2 Poverty -- Table 3 Millennium Development Goals: eradicating poverty and improving lives -- Table 4 Economic activity -- Table 5 Trade, aid, and finance -- Table 6 Key indicators for other economies -- Technical notes -- Statistical methods -- World Bank Atlas method -- Index -- Boxes -- 1 All developing regions are vulnerable to the impacts of climate change-for different reasons -- 2 Economic growth: Necessary, but not sufficient -- 3 The cost of "climate insurance" -- 4 Safety nets: From supporting incomes to reducing vulnerability to climate change -- 5 Promising approaches that are good for farmers and good for the environment -- 6 Ingenuity needed: Adaptation requires new tools and new knowledge -- 7 Cities reducing their carbon footprints -- 8 The role of land use, agriculture, and forestry in managing climate change -- 1.1 Empowered women improve adaptation and mitigation outcomes -- 1.2 The basics of discounting the costs and benefits of climate change mitigation -- 1.3 Positive feedbacks, tipping points, thresholds, and nonlinearities in natural and socioeconomic systems -- 1.4 Ethics and climate change -- FA.1 The carbon cycle -- FA.2 Ocean health: Coral reefs and ocean acidification -- 2.1 Characteristics of adaptive management -- 2.2 Planning for greener and safer cities: The case of Curitiba -- 2.3 Adapting to climate change: Alexandria, Casablanca, and Tunis -- 2.4 Fostering synergies between mitigation and adaptation -- 2.5 Preparing for heat waves -- 2.6 Beating the odds and getting ahead of impacts: Managing risk of extreme events before they become disasters.

2.7 Satellite data and geo-information are instrumental in managing risk-and inexpensive -- 2.8 Creating jobs to reduce flood risk -- 2.9 Public-private partnerships for sharing climate risks: Mongolia livestock insurance -- 2.10 The Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility: Insurance against service interruption after disasters -- 2.11 Workfare in India under the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act -- 2.12 Migration today -- FB.1 What is biodiversity? What are ecosystem services? -- FB.2 Payment for ecosystem and mitigation services -- FB.3 Excerpts from the Declaration of Indigenous Peoples on Climate Change -- 3.1 Robust decision making: Changing how water managers do business -- 3.2 The dangers of establishing a market for water rights before the institutional structures are in place -- 3.3 Managing water resources within the margin of error: Tunisia -- 3.4 Palm oil, emission reductions, and avoided deforestation -- 3.5 Product and market diversification: An economic and ecological alternative for marginal farmers in the tropics -- 3.6 Biotech crops could help farmers adapt to climate change -- 3.7 Biochar could sequester carbon and increase yields on a vast scale -- 3.8 Policy makers in Morocco face stark tradeoffs on cereal imports -- 3.9 Pilot projects for agricultural carbon finance in Kenya -- 4.1 The financial crisis offers an opportunity for efficient and clean energy -- 4.2 Efficient and clean energy can be good for development -- 4.3 A 450 ppm CO2e (2°C warmer) world requires a fundamental change in the global energy system -- 4.4 Regional energy mix for 450 ppm CO2e (to limit warming to 2°C) -- 4.5 Renewable energy technologies have huge potential but face constraints -- 4.6 Advanced technologies -- 4.7 The role for urban policy in achieving mitigation and development co-benefits.

4.8 Energy efficiency faces many market and nonmarket barriers and failures -- 4.9 Carbon pricing alone is not enough -- 4.10 California's energy-efficiency and renewable energy programs -- 4.11 World Bank Group experience with financing energy efficiency -- 4.12 Difficulties in comparing energy technology costs: A matter of assumptions -- 4.13 Denmark sustains economic growth while cutting emissions -- 4.14 Feed-in laws, concessions, tax credits, and renewable portfolio standards in Germany, China, and the United States -- 4.15 Concentrated solar power in Middle East and North Africa -- 5.1 The climate regime today -- 5.2 Some proposals for burden sharing -- 5.3 Multitrack approaches score well on effectiveness and equity -- FC.1 Taxing virtual carbon -- 6.1 Costing adaptation to climate change in developing countries -- 6.2 Assessing the co-benefits of the CDM -- 6.3 Carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade -- 6.4 Indonesian Ministry of Finance engagement on climate change issues -- 6.5 Conserving agricultural soil carbon -- 6.6 Allocating concessional development finance -- 6.7 Climate vulnerability versus social capacity -- 6.8 Climate vulnerability versus capacity to adapt -- 7.1 Geoengineering the world out of climate change -- 7.2 Innovation is a messy process and can be promoted only by policies that address multiple parts of a complex system -- 7.3 Innovative monitoring: Creating a global climate service and a "system of systems" -- 7.4 ITER: A protracted start for energy R&D cost sharing -- 7.5 Technologies on the scale of carbon capture and storage require international efforts -- 7.6 The Super-Efficient Refrigerator: A pioneer advanced market commitment program? -- 7.7 A promising innovation for coastal adaptation -- 7.8 Universities need to be innovative: The case of Africa -- 7.9 CGIAR: A model for climate change?.

7.10 Improved cook stoves designs can reduce soot, producing important benefits for human health and for mitigation.