Cover -- Title Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Executive Summary -- MDGs at Midpoint -- Development and Environmental Sustainability -- Inclusive and Sustainable Development: A Six-Point Agenda -- 1. Sustain and broaden the growth momentum -- 2. Achieve better results in human development -- 3. Integrate development and environmental sustainability -- 4. Scale up aid and increase its effectiveness -- 5. Harness trade for strong, inclusive, and sustainable growth -- 6. Leverage IFI support for inclusive and sustainable development -- Overview -- Introduction -- MDGs at Midpoint: Significant Progress, Yet Formidable Challenges -- Poverty reduction: strong but uneven progress -- Human development goals: more serious shortfalls -- Overall outlook: daunting challenges, but grounds for hope -- Development and Environmental Sustainability: Integrally Linked -- Sound natural resource management essential -- Climate change: poor countries most affected -- Inclusive and Sustainable Development: A Six-Point Agenda -- 1. Sustaining and Broadening the Growth Momentum -- Implications of Global Economic Developments -- Financial turbulence, global slowdown -- Rise in oil and food prices -- Policies and Institutions for Strong and Inclusive Growth -- The growth agenda in Africa -- Managing natural resource revenues -- Rise in income inequalities: Is globalization to blame? -- 2. Achieving Better Results in Human Development -- Raising quality of health services -- Achieving more equitable outcomes -- Tackling malnutrition -- Addressing environmental health risks -- 3. Integrating Development and Environmental Sustainability -- Moving forward on mitigation -- Strengthening adaptation: vital for developing countries -- Financing mitigation and adaptation -- Institutional strengthening.

4. Scaling Up Aid and Increasing its Effectiveness -- Increasing aid to exploit scale-up opportunities -- Ensuring aid effectiveness in a changing aid architecture -- Health sector financing -- Securing debt sustainability -- 5. Harnessing Trade for Strong, Inclusive, and Sustainable Growth -- Unleashing trade -- Promoting inclusiveness in exploitation of trade opportunities -- Facilitating transfer of environmentally friendly technologies -- 6. Leveraging IFI Support for Inclusive and Sustainable Development -- Responding to change: new strategic frameworks -- Ensuring strong operational outcomes in a context of change -- Better tracking results -- Rising to the environmental challenge -- Notes -- PART 1 Monitoring the Development Agenda -- Millennium Development Goals at Midpoint: Where Are We? -- Progress toward the MDGs: A Mixed Picture -- The Challenges Ahead -- Notes -- 1 Sustaining and Broadening the Growth Momentum -- Introduction -- The Global Economy: Recent Developments and Prospects -- Growth in Developing Countries: Strong but with Widening Gaps -- Rising Commodity Prices: Impact and Implications -- Rising Income Inequality within Countries -- Continuing Shifts in Foreign Public and Private Financing Flows -- The Growing Importance of Workers' Remittances -- Policies for Strong and Inclusive Growth -- Quality of Macroeconomic Policies -- Improvement of Private Investment Climate -- Research confirms impact of reforms -- Investment climate reform promotes a level playing field and broad-based growth -- Interactions across policy areas are important -- Need for greater emphasis on implementation and enforcement -- Governance Reform -- Environmental Sustainability and Growth -- Net Savings, Environmental Resources, and Sustainable Growth -- Notes -- 2 Achieving Better Results in Human Development -- Introduction.

Equity Considerations in Meeting the MDGs -- How equitable are countries' education and health systems? -- Improving equity in education and health -- Health Care Quality Critical to Reaching the MDGs -- Health Care Quality Measurement: Complex -- Why Improve Quality? -- High Variability of Health Care Quality -- Relation of Quality to Income and Economic Growth -- Child Malnutrition: Tackling Hunger and Mortality -- Long-term Consequences of Malnutrition -- Steady Progress in Reducing Malnutrition -- Making a Difference in Child Malnutrition -- The Environment and Health Goals -- Impacts of Environment on Health -- Water and Sanitation -- Air Pollution -- Climate Change -- Addressing Environmental Health Risks -- Water supply and sanitation -- Indoor air pollution -- Conclusion -- Notes -- 3 Scaling Up Aid: Opportunities and Challenges in a Changing Aid Architecture -- Introduction -- Aid Trends and Prospects -- Mixed Progress on Aid Volumes -- DAC Donors -- Stalling aid volumes -- Mixed response to scale-up opportunities -- The challenge of meeting targets -- Expanding Role of Non-DAC Donors -- Non-DAC bilateral donors -- Private donors -- Vertical funds -- Aid to Sub-Saharan Africa Growing, at a Modest Pace -- Assistance to Fragile States: Issues of Timing and Duration -- Size and pattern of assistance -- Strengthening coordination in fragile situations -- Donor Response to Climate Change: Scale-Up of Resources Needed -- Humanitarian aid -- Funding mitigation and adaptation -- The Challenge of Aid Effectiveness -- Integrating New Players into the Aid Architecture: Competitive Pluralism -- Innovative Financing for Development -- Improving the Impact of Aid through Better Aid Delivery -- Alignment and harmonization -- Fragmentation -- Division of labor -- Predictability -- Selectivity -- Aligning Global Funds with Country Programs.

Addressing the Challenge of Aid Effectiveness in Health -- Scaling up of resources -- Effectiveness issues -- Debt Relief -- Implementation of the HIPC Initiative and the MDRI -- Maintaining Long-Term Debt Sustainability -- Notes -- 4 Harnessing Trade for Inclusive and Sustainable Growth -- Introduction -- Recent Developments in International Trade -- The Doha Round Negotiations -- Preferential Trade Agreements -- EU ACP Economic Partnership Agreements -- Developments in National Trade Policies: Merchandise Trade -- Measures of Trade Restrictiveness -- Levels of Trade Restrictiveness -- Changes in Trade Restrictiveness -- New Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural Incentives -- Market Access -- Changes in Market Access -- Trade Policy, Growth, and Poverty: The Behind-the-Border Agenda -- Behind-the-Border Policies Matter -- Services Policies -- Aid for Trade -- Trade Policies, Climate Change, and Sustainable Development -- Mitigation versus Adaptation -- Notes -- 5 Leveraging through the International Financial Institutions -- Introduction -- New Strategic Frameworks -- Inclusive and Sustainable Globalization -- Knowledge and Learning -- Regional and Global Public Goods -- New Collaborative Approaches -- Operational Trends and Harmonization -- Financial Resources for Development -- Nonconcessional Sovereign Flows -- Guarantees -- Cofinancing -- Nonconcessional Flows to Nonsovereign Borrowers -- Subnational lending -- Nonsovereign guarantees -- Concessional Flows -- MDRI -- Trust funds -- Nonlending Activities in Support of the Development Agenda -- Knowledge services -- Partnerships -- Harmonization -- Tracking Results -- Selectivity of Financial Resources -- Sectoral issues -- Review of Approaches to Assessing IFI Performance -- MDB Internal Measurement Systems -- Results measurement systems -- Compas -- MBD Shareholder Comparative Assessments.

Civil Society Monitoring -- Trade and economic management -- Conditionality -- Debt -- Aid -- Voice and accountability -- Learning from Evaluations -- Promoting Environmental Sustainability -- Strategic Framework -- Environmental Mainstreaming -- Compliance with Safeguard Policies -- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation -- Financing of Environmental Activities -- Notes -- PART 2 Special Theme: Environmental Sustainability -- A Framework for Monitoring Environmental Sustainability -- 6 Ensuring Environmental Sustainability at the National Level -- Introduction -- Sustainable Development and the MDGs -- Income and poverty reduction -- Education -- Gender equality -- Health -- Global partnerships -- Measuring Progress on Outcomes -- Measuring Progress in Natural Resources Management -- Forests -- Water resources -- Energy and mineral resources -- Measuring Progress in Pollution Management -- Energy Access, Health, and the Environment -- Toward a Comprehensive Measure of Sustainability -- Measuring Changes in Comprehensive Wealth: Adjusted Net Savings -- Measuring Natural Capital -- Measuring Progress on Policies and Institutions -- The Environmental Performance Index -- Country Policy and Institutional Assessments -- Making Progress on Monitoring -- Conclusions -- Notes -- 7 Global Environmental Sustainability: Protecting the Commons -- Introduction -- Climate Change: The Impact of Human Activity on Climate -- Relationship of GHG Concentrations to Climate Change -- The Geographic and Temporal Dimensions of Climate Change -- The Impacts of Climate Change and Opportunities for Adaptation -- Impact on Agriculture -- Impacts on Health -- Sea Level Rise -- Extreme Weather Events -- Adaptation to Climate Change -- Emission Trends and Progress toward Mitigation -- GHG Sources and Distribution.

Understanding Sources of Change in CO2 Emissions from Fossil Fuel.