Economic Growth in the 1990s : Learning from a Decade of Reform.
Title:
Economic Growth in the 1990s : Learning from a Decade of Reform.
Author:
Bank, World.
ISBN:
9780821360446
Personal Author:
Physical Description:
1 online resource (384 pages)
Contents:
Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Overview -- Part 1: Facts of the 1990s -- 2 Grist and the Mill for the Lessons of the 1990s -- Country Note A: Economic Growth from the Very Long-Term Perspective of History -- 3 Something Special about the 1990s? -- Country Note B: Lessons from Countries That Have Sustained Their Growth -- Part 2: Development Controversies of the 1990s -- 4 Macroeconomic Stability: The More the Better? -- Country Note C: Poverty and Inequality:What Have We Learned from the 1990s? -- 5 Trade Liberalization: Why So Much Controversy? -- Country Note D: The Middle East and North Africa: Performing below Potential -- 6 Privatization and Deregulation: A Push Too Far? -- Country Note E: Eastern Europe's Transition: Building Institutions -- 7 Financial Liberalization: What Went Right, What Went Wrong? -- Country Note F: Lessons and Controversies from Financial Crises in the 1990s -- 8 Policy Reforms and Growth Performance: What Have We Learned? -- Country Note G: Africa's Growth Tragedy: An Institutional Perspective -- 9 Improving Public Sector Governance: The Grand Challenge? -- Country Note H: Natural Resources: When Blessings Become Curses -- 10 Does Democracy Help? -- Bibliography -- Index -- Tables -- 2.1 Growth Regressions and "Policy" Impacts, with Two Country Examples -- 2.2 Despite Their Rapid Growth, China,Vietnam, and India Rank Low on Many Measures of Institutional Quality -- 2.3 Growth Rates Differ Enormously across Countries over Periods from One Decade to Forty Years -- 2.4 A Growth Rate of 5.7 Percent per Year Higher for 20 Years Would Roughly Triple a Country's per Capita Income -- 2.5 Episodes of Rapid Growth Set in Context -- 2.6 "Syndromes and Symptoms" Summary of the Empirical Growth-Regression Literature -- 3.1 Growth in Developed and Developing Countries, 1960s-1990s.
3.2 Developing Countries' Growth, 1990s: Regional Perspectives -- 3.3 Global Integration, 1980-2000 -- 3.4 Unprecedented Growth of World Trade, 1990s -- 3.5 Exports and Imports of Goods and Services as Shares of GDP, 1980-2000 -- 3.6 Diversification Took Place before the 1990s -- 3.7 Reduction in Nontariff Barriers in Developing Countries, 1990s -- 3.8 Tariff Dispersion Decline in the 1990s -- 3.9 Capital Account Restrictions Were Progressively Dismantled, 1970-97 -- B.1 Growth Successes in the 1990s -- B.2 Economic Successes: Steady Growth, 1960-2002 -- B.3 Inflation Volatility -- B.4 Real Exchange Rate Volatility -- B.5 Total Factor Productivity Growth of Successful Countries, 1960-2000 -- B.6 Progress on Social Indicators, 1980-2000 -- C.1 Surveys Tracking Individuals over Time Show Only a Small Portion of Poverty Is Accounted for by People Who Are Always Poo -- 5.1 Tariff Reductions and Changes in Goods Trade Integration, 1990-2000 -- 5.2 Rich Countries Levy Higher Tariffs on Poor Countries' Exports -- D.1 Progress on Social Indicators, Middle East and North Africa, 1980-2000 -- D.2 Economic Growth in the Middle East and North Africa, 1960-2003 -- D.3 Three Major Middle Eastern and North African Country Groups -- D.4 Economic Growth in the Middle East and North Africa: Impact of Natural Resources -- 6.1 Winners and Losers from Divestiture in 12 Case Studies -- 6.2 Performance Changes in Privatized Firms in Mexico -- 6.3 Investment in Infrastructure Projects with Private Participation in Developing Countries, 1990-2002 -- 6.4 Market Shares of the Three Largest Generation,Transmission, and Distribution Companies in Various Countries, 2000 -- F.1 Financial Inflows and Major Financial Shocks -- F.2 Debt Dynamics in Crisis Economies, Cumulative Change, Three Years Before . . . and Three Years After.
8.1 Sectoral Example of Direct and Background Institutions of Policymaking -- 8.2 Examples of Misuse of Discretion -- 8.3 Efforts to Limit Government Discretion -- 8.4 Example of the Dependence of Appropriate Policy on Institutional Conditions -- 8.5 Policy Reform and Growth: Sources of Differential Impacts -- G.1 African Growth in Context: Average Annual Growth Rates of Real per Capita GDP, 1960-2001 -- G.2 Annual Growth in 17 African Countries, 1975-2003 -- 9.1 Examples of Efficiency Gains from ICT -- 9.2 Types of States and Entry Points for Strategic Interventions: A Governance Typology -- Figures -- 1.1 Worldwide Growth in Real GDP per Capita, 1000-Present -- 1.2 Economic Growth in Perspective, 1960-2002 -- 1.3 Regional Perspectives on Growth in the 1990s -- 1.4 Fraction of World Inequality Accounted for by Differences across Countries -- 2.1 Depth and Duration of the Transformational Recession: Eastern European and Former Soviet Union Countries -- 2.2 Depth of the Recession, Ratio of Current to Pretransition Output, and Relationship with Distance from Brussels -- 2.3 Interest Rate Differentials Did Not Predict the Magnitude of the Impending Devaluation of Three East Asian Currencies -- 2.4 Growth Was Much Slower in the 1980s and 1990s than Predicted by Empirical Models That Linked Growth to Policy Reform -- 2.5 Although Nearly Every Country in Latin America and the Caribbean Has Pursued Economic Reform, Growth Has Been Slow -- 2.6 Accelerating Growth in China, India, and Vietnam -- 2.7 Poverty Reduction Was Rapid in India, China, and Vietnam in the 1990s -- 2.8 Enrollment Rates of Children Aged 7-14 in Brazil Rose Substantially for All Income Groups-But Most Dramatically for the Poorest -- 2.9 Stable Growth in Industrialized Countries -- 2.10 Fraction of World Income Inequality Explained by Differences across Countries.
2.11 There Is Some, but Weak, Correlation of Growth Rates across Decades -- 2.12 Growth Episodes in Mauritius, 1950-2000 -- 3.1 Growth in Developed and Developing Countries, 1963-99 -- 3.2 Growth Slowdowns in Developed and Developing Countries -- 3.3 Export Shares of GDP, 1980-2002 -- 3.4 Faster Integration into World Trade during the 1990s -- 3.5 More Competitive Real Exchange Rates -- 3.6 Developing Countries Diversified into Manufactures, 1960s-1990s -- 3.7 Developing Countries' Exports of Manufactures, 1981-2001 -- 3.8 No Large Terms-of-Trade Shocks for Developing Countries, 1990s -- 3.9 Decline in Nonenergy Commodity Prices -- 3.10 Oil Prices Were Lower in the 1990s than in the 1970s and 1980s -- 3.11 Capital Flows to Developing Countries Expanded in the 1990s -- 3.12 Capital Flows Were Driven by a Surge in FDI and Portfolio Equity Flows -- 3.13 Nominal and Real Interest Rate, 1980-2002 -- 3.14 Developing Countries' Parts and Components Exports Grew Faster in the 1990s -- 3.15 Capital Flows to a "Median" Developing Country as a Percentage of GDP, 1970-2002 -- 3.16 Developing Countries Paid Less Interest On External Debt in the 1990s -- 3.17 Reduction in Tariffs in Developing Countries, 1980-2000 -- 3.18 Financial Sector Liberalization, 1973-96 -- 3.19 Effects of Liberalizing the Financial Sector, Developing Countries -- B.1 Investment as a Share of GDP -- B.2 External Debt as a Share of Gross National Income -- B.3 Integration with the World Economy, 1970-2000 -- B.4 Average Annual Growth of per Capita Income of Different Income Groups, 1980 to Mid/Late 1990s -- B.5 Ratio of Real per Capita Income of Bottom 40 Percent to That of Top 20 Percent, 1980 to Mid/Late 1990s -- 4.1 GDP Growth Volatility, 1966-2000 -- 4.2 Structure of GDP Growth Volatility, 1961-2000 -- 4.3 Inflation Rates, 1991-99 -- 4.4 High Inflation in Developing Countries, 1961-99.
4.5 Current Account, 1966-2000 -- 4.6 Developing Countries' Overall Fiscal Balance -- 4.7 Primary Fiscal Balance, 1990-2002 -- 4.8 Developing Countries: Seigniorage Revenues, 1966-2000 -- 4.9 Real Exchange Rate Volatility, 1961-2000 -- 4.10 Developing Countries: Exchange Rate Crises, 1963-2001 -- 4.11 Volatility of Net Capital Flows, 1977-2000 -- 4.12 Developing Countries: Sudden Stops in Net Capital Inflows, 1978-2000 -- 4.13 Government Debt, 1990-2002 -- 4.14 Total Fiscal Costs of Systemic Banking Crises as a Percentage of GDP -- 4.15 Developing Countries' Foreign Currency Debt, 1997 and 2001 -- 4.16 Emerging Markets Bond Index Spreads for Latin and Non-Latin Borrowers -- 4.17 Pro-Cyclicality of Public Consumption, 1980-2000 -- 4.18 Central Bank Independence in Developing Countries, 1975-98 -- 4.19 Dollarization of Deposits, 1996 and 2001 -- 4.20 Ex Post Real Interest Rates, 1990-2001 -- 4.21 Incidence of Systemic Banking Crises, Developing Countries, 1981-2000 -- C.1 Infant Mortality Rates -- 5.1 Temporary Labor Mobility, Underused Mode of Trade in Services -- 5.2 Changes in Export Shares of GDP and Changes in Tariffs, 1990-2000 -- D.1 Median and GDP-Weighted Economic Growth in the Middle East and North Africa, 1961-2000 -- D.2 Investment in the Middle East and North Africa, 1960-2002 -- D.3 Tariffs in the Middle East and North Africa, 1980-2000 -- D.4 Trade Outcomes in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1960-2000 -- D.5 Diversification in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia, 1960-2002 -- 6.1 Market Shares of Revenues for U.S. Long-Distance Carriers, 1984-98 -- 6.2 Access to Basic Services, by Income Group-Ghana, Mexico, and Peru -- 6.3 Infrastructure Projects with Private Participation, 1990-2001 -- 6.4 Growth in Latin American Telecom Lines -- 6.5 Optimal Size of U.S. Generating Plants.
6.6 Postprivatization Labor Productivity in Electricity Distribution in Chile, Argentina, and the United Kingdom.
Abstract:
This book is part of a larger effort undertaken by the World Bank to understand the development experience of the 1990s, an extraordinary eventful decade. Each of the project's three volumes serves a different purpose. Development Challenges in the 1990s: Leading Policymakers Speak from Experience offers insights on the practical concerns faced by policymakers, while At the Frontlines of Development: Reflections from the World Bank considers the operational implications of the decade for the World Bank as an institution. This volume, Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform, provides comprehensive analysis of the decade's development experience and examines the impact of key policy and institutional reforms of growth.Economic Growth in the 1990s confirms and builds on the conclusions of an earlier World Bank book, The East Asian Miracle (1993), which reviewed experiences of highly successful East Asian economies. It confirms the importance of growth of fundamental principles: macro stability, market forces governing the allocation of resources, openness, and the sharing of the benefits of growth. At the same time, it echoes the finding that these principles translate into diverse policy and institutional paths, implying the economic policies and policy advice must be country-specific and institutional-sensitive if they are to be effective. The authors examine the impact of growth of key policy and institutional reforms: macroeconomic stabilization, trade liberalization, deregulation of finance, privatization, deregulation of utilities, modernization of the public sector with a view to increasing its effectiveness and accountability, and the spread of democracy and decentralization. They draw lessons both from a policy and institutional perspective and from the perspective of country experiences about how reforms in each
policy and institutional area have affected growth.
Local Note:
Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2017. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.
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