Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in the Cancer Patient -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Endoscopy -- 1 Introduction to Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in the Cancer Patient -- 2 Esophagus -- 2 Staging of Premalignant and Malignant Conditions of the Esophagus -- Introduction -- Benign lesions -- Granular cell tumors -- GIST/leiomyoma -- Fibrovascular polyps -- Esophageal squamous papilloma -- Barrett's esophagus -- High-definition white light endoscopy -- Esophageal adenocarcinoma -- Endoscopic classification of esophageal cancer: the Paris classification -- Squamous cell dysplasia and carcinoma -- Lugol's chromoendoscopy for detecting squamous dysplasia -- NBI versus Lugol's for detection of early SCC -- Autofluorescence in SCC of the esophagus -- Malignant melanoma of the esophagus -- Small cell cancer of the esophagus -- Esophageal inlet patch -- References -- 3 Endoscopic Management of Premalignant and Early Malignant Diseases of the Esophagus -- Introduction -- Endoscopic resection -- Endoscopic mucosal resection -- Endoscopic submucosal dissection -- Field ablation -- Photodynamic therapy -- Thermal therapy -- Cryospray ablation -- Subsquamous specialized intestinal metaplasia -- Summary -- References -- 4 Palliation of Advanced Tumors of the Esophagus Including YAG Laser, APC, PDT, Ethanol, Stent for Obstruction or Fistula, PEG, and Brachytherapy -- Introduction -- Nd:YAG laser -- Argon plasma coagulation -- Photodynamic therapy -- Ethanol injection therapy -- Stents for obstruction or fistula -- Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy -- Brachytherapy -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- 5 Endoscopy in Esophageal Cancer: An Oncologist's Perspective -- Introduction -- Preoperative staging -- Treatment -- Chemoradiation -- Preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy -- Metastatic disease -- Palliative care.

Perspectives -- References -- 3 Stomach -- 6 Diagnosis and Staging of Diseases of the Stomach -- Introduction -- Description of EGC -- Tumor location -- Macroscopic type -- Tumor invasion depth -- Endoscopic diagnosis of EGC -- Preparation -- Systematic examination -- Identification of EGC -- Targeted biopsy -- Endoscopic staging of invasion depth -- Correlations between macroscopic type and invasion depth -- Cases -- Endoscopic ultrasonography -- Depth predictive score -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Endoscopic Management of Premalignant and Early Malignant Lesions -- Endoscopic treatment -- History of endoscopic treatment -- Indications for endoscopic resection -- Principle of endoscopic resection for EGC -- Pathological staging -- Indication criteria for endoscopic resection -- Details of the techniques -- EMR-C and EMR-ligation (EMR-L/EMR-MBL) -- Endoscopic submucosal dissection -- Management of during and after endoscopic resection -- Sedation -- Endoscopic hemostasis -- Endoscopic closure for perforation -- Feeding -- Acid suppression therapy -- Endoscopic surveillance and outcomes -- Training -- Current technology and future expectation -- References -- 8 Palliation of Advanced Tumors of the Stomach -- Introduction -- Endoscopic stent placement -- Patient preparation and endoscopic assessment -- Stent insertion -- Efficacy of stent placement -- Laser therapy -- Photodynamic therapy -- Argon plasma coagulation -- Injection of alcohol and cytotoxic agents -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Gastroscopy in Gastric Cancer: An Oncologist's Perspective -- Introduction -- Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy -- Neoadjuvant chemotherapy -- Adjuvant chemoradiation -- Adjuvant chemotherapy -- Targeted biological therapy -- Phase 3 trials of cytotoxic chemotherapy for metastatic gastric cancer -- Molecular signatures for gastric cancer.

Conclusions -- References -- 4 Small Bowel -- 10 Staging of Premalignant and Early Malignant Diseases of the Small Bowel -- Introduction -- Diagnostic imaging -- CT and MRI enterography -- Capsule endoscopy -- Balloon endoscopy -- Conditions predisposing to neoplasms in the small intestine -- Lymphoma -- Adenoma and adenocarcinoma -- Gastrointestinal stromal tumor -- Neuroendocrine tumors (carcinoid) -- Metastatic tumor -- Hamartoma -- Mesenchymal tumors -- Other types of potentially benign tumors -- References -- 11 Endoscopic Management of Premalignant, Early, and Advanced Malignancies of the Small Bowel -- Introduction -- Incidence of small bowel polyps and tumors -- Polyps and polyposis syndromes -- Small bowel tumors -- Technical details of enteroscopes and utensils used for therapeutic enteroscopy -- Technique of polypectomy and the "submucosal cushion" -- Argon plasma coagulation -- Enteral stent placement -- Complications -- Summary -- References -- 12 The Role of Endoscopy in Small Bowel Malignancies -- Introduction -- Epidemiology of small bowel malignancies -- Clinical presentation of small bowel cancers -- Predisposing/premalignant conditions for small bowel malignancies -- Endoscopic management of small bowel malignancy -- Endoscopic approaches to the distal small bowel -- Indications for endoscopic examination of the small bowel -- Endoscopic approaches to enteral nutrition -- References -- 5 Pancreatic -- 13 Diagnosis and Staging of Pancreatic Neoplasms -- Introduction -- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma -- Diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma -- Endoscopic ultrasound -- Endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration -- Staging of pancreatic adenocarcinoma -- EUS staging -- Multidetector CT and PET scan -- MRI/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography -- Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) -- Diagnosis of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors -- Other pancreatic malignancies -- Metastatic tumors to pancreas -- Solid cystic pseudopapillary neoplasm -- Primary pancreatic lymphoma -- References -- 14 Pancreatic Cystic Lesions -- Introduction -- Epidemiology -- Pancreatic cystic lesions -- Pancreatic pseudocyst -- Serous cystic neoplasms -- Mucinous cystic neoplasms -- Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms -- Solid pseudopapillary tumor -- Cystic pancreatic endocrine tumor -- Pancreatic adenocarcinoma with cystic degeneration -- Diagnostic evaluation of pancreatic cystic lesions -- Radiologic imaging -- Endoscopic ultrasound -- Cyst fluid cytology, chemistry and tumor marker analysis, DNA analysis -- Management -- Diagnostic evaluation -- Surgical removal -- Surveillance with imaging -- Cyst ablation -- Algorithm of management -- References -- 15 Pancreatic Cancer Screening in High-Risk Individuals -- Introduction -- Principles of pancreatic cancer screening -- Who is at increased risk of developing pancreatic cancer? -- Familial pancreatic cancer -- Peutz-Jeghers syndrome -- Hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome (BRCA1 and BRCA2) -- Familial atypical multiple mole melanoma syndrome -- Lynch syndrome (HNPCC) -- Familial adenomatous polyposis -- Multiple endocrine neoplasia -- Hereditary pancreatitis -- Other risk factors -- Nonhereditary chronic pancreatitis -- Tobacco smoking -- Diabetes mellitus -- Helicobacter pylori infection -- Genetic counseling and testing -- Screening strategies in high-risk patients for pancreatic cancer -- Screening modalities -- Data on screening strategies -- Proposed screening strategy -- Summary -- References -- 16 Endoscopic Palliation of Pancreatic Cancer -- Introduction -- Biliary obstruction -- Plastic versus metal stents -- Covered versus uncovered metal stents.

Stent obstruction -- Duodenal obstruction -- Surgical gastrojejunostomy (duodenal bypass) -- Duodenal stents -- Venting percutaneous gastrostomy tubes -- Abdominal pain -- Celiac plexus neurolysis -- Pancreatic duct stenting -- Steatorrhea -- Gastrointestinal bleeding -- Postsurgical complications -- Summary -- References -- 17 Endoscopy in Pancreatic Cancer: An Oncologist's Perspective -- Introduction -- A multidiscipline team to care for patients with pancreatic cancer -- Risk factors -- Screening -- Presentation to oncology -- Pathology study and implications for treatment -- Celiac plexus block and biliary stent placement -- Intratumoral treatment of pancreatic cancer -- Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms and mucinous cystic neoplasms -- Nutritional support with gastroduodenal stent -- Summary -- References -- 6 Gallbladder, Bile Duct, and Ampulla of Vater Biliary, Gallbladder, and Ampullary Lesions -- 18 Diagnosis and Staging of Premalignant and Early Malignant Diseases -- Introduction -- Ampullary lesions -- Overview -- Clinical presentation -- Diagnosis -- Extrahepatic biliary tree -- Choledochal cysts -- Diagnosis -- Primary sclerosing cholangitis -- Diagnosis -- Indeterminate bile duct strictures -- Gallbladder lesions -- Diagnosis -- Conclusions -- References -- 19 Management of Premalignant and Early Malignancies of the Bile Ducts and Ampulla -- Introduction -- Choledochal cysts and choledochoceles -- Choledochal cysts -- Choledochoceles -- Bile duct adenomas -- Classification -- Ampullary adenomas -- Symptoms -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- Complications -- Surveillance -- Nonadenomatous ampullary tumors -- Conclusion -- References -- 20 Palliation of Advanced Tumors -- Endoscopic versus surgical management of malignant biliary obstruction -- Endoscopic versus percutaneous transhepatic stenting.

Palliative endoscopic stenting in malignant biliary obstruction.