Title Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Carotenoids: Overview of Nomenclature, Structures, Occurrence, and Functions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nomenclature and structures -- 1.3 Occurrence and functions -- References -- Part I: Therapy -- 2 The Role of Antioxidants in Prevention of Premature Skin Aging -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 State of the art -- 2.3 Summary -- Conclusions -- References -- 3 Antitumor Activity of Dietary Carotenoids, and Prospects for Applications in Therapy: Carotenoids and Cancer by Raman Imaging -- 3.1 Results -- 3.2 Conclusions -- 3.3 Perspectives -- References -- 4 Photoprotection and Radiation Protection by Dietary Carotenoids -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carotenoids and singlet oxygen -- 4.3 Radicals -- 4.4 Future prospects and challenges -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Macular Carotenoids: Human Health Aspects -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Macular pigment distribution -- 5.3 Human health aspects -- 5.4 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) -- 5.5 Macular carotenoid absorption -- 5.6 Stereochemistry and metabolism of macular carotenoids -- 5.7 Measurement of macular carotenoids -- 5.8 Conclusions and perspectives -- References -- Part II: Spectroscopy -- 6 Vibrational Spectroscopy as a Tool to Investigate Carotenoids -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Vibrations of carotenoids -- 6.3 Recent applications of vibrational spectroscopy to study natural carotenoids -- 6.4 Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Structural Studies of Carotenoids in Plants, Animals, and Food Products -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Extraction and pre-preparation of carotenoids -- 7.3 Chromatography and separation of carotenoids -- 7.4 Quantification of carotenoids -- 7.5 Identification and structural elucidation of carotenoids -- 7.6 Determination of absolute configuration of carotenoids.

7.7 Conclusion (future prospects and challenges) -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 In Situ Studies of Carotenoids in Plants and Animals -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Plants -- 8.3 Animals -- 8.4 Humans -- 8.5 Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Carotenoids in Pigment-Protein Complexes: Relation between Carotenoid Structure and Function -- 9.1 Biological functions of carotenoids -- 9.2 Carotenoids in pigment-protein complexes -- 9.3 Final remarks -- 9.4 Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III: Technology -- 10 Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Regulation in Plants -- 10.1 Biosynthetic pathways -- 10.2 Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis -- 10.3 Biofortification and health perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Carotenoid Bioavailability from the Food Matrix: Toward Efficient Extraction Procedures -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Occurrence of carotenoids in food materials -- 11.3 Bioavailability and bioefficiency of carotenoids -- 11.4 Extraction of carotenoids from various food matrices -- 11.5 Conclusions -- 11.6 Perspectives -- References -- 12 Carotenoid Productionby Bacteria, Microalgae, and Fungi -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microbial biosynthesis of carotenoids -- 12.3 Carotenoid-rich microorganisms -- 12.4 Selected examples of biotechnological carotenoid production -- 12.5 Perspectives and conclusions -- References -- 13 Impact of Stress Factors on Carotenoid Composition, Structures, and Bioavailability in Microbial Sources -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Light -- 13.3 Temperature -- 13.4 Carbon and nitrogen sources -- 13.5 Aerobic versus anaerobic conditions -- 13.6 Inorganic and organic salts -- 13.7 Other chemical agents -- 13.8 pH -- 13.9 Multiple stress factors -- 13.10 Perspectives and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 14 Syntheses with Carotenoids -- 14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Reaction with double bonds -- 14.3 Transformation of substituents -- 14.4 Preparative derivatization -- 14.5 Syntheses with carotenoid acids and carotenols -- 14.6 Carotenoid reactions with Au -- 14.7 Valuation and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.