Biodiversity Under Threat -- Contents -- Impacts of Agricultural Change on Farmland Biodiversity in the UK -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Post-war Intensification of Agriculture -- 2.1 Land Drainage -- 2.2 Decline of Mixed Farming and Changes in Crop Rotations -- 2.3 Fertiliser -- 2.4 Pesticides -- 2.5 Field Size and Hedgerows -- 2.6 Autumn Sowing -- 2.7 Management of Grassland -- 2.8 Heather Burning -- 2.9 Grain Storage and Animal Housing -- 2.10 Veterinary Medicines -- 2.11 Supplementary Feeding -- 3 Recent Changes in Agricultural Practices -- 3.1 Farming Systems -- 3.2 Reduced Cultivation Systems -- 3.3 Set-aside -- 3.4 Energy Crops -- 3.5 Genetically Modified Crops -- 4 Measures to Benefit Biodiversity on Farmland -- 4.1 Agri-environment Schemes -- 4.2 Cross-compliance -- 5 Changing Agricultural Policy and Implications for the Future of Farmland Biodiversity -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Extent and Future of Global Insect Diversity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Diversity of Species and Functions -- 3 Services Provided by Insects -- 4 Global Patterns of Insect Diversity -- 5 Threats to Insects Worldwide -- 6 Land-use Change -- 7 Climate Change -- 8 Invasive Species -- 9 Where Do We Go from Here? -- 9.1 A New Taxonomy -- 9.2 Systematic Sampling -- 9.3 Synthesis of Biodiversity Inventories -- 9.4 Multi-factor Research -- 9.5 Generating a Trait-based Understanding of Global Change -- 10 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Biological Invasions in Europe: Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses -- 1 Biological Invasions in Europe: a Framework for Best Practice -- 2 The Trouble with Trade and Travel: Economic Drivers of Biological Invasions -- 3 Assessing the Pressure of Invasions on Ecosystems: Propagules, Pathways and People -- 4 The State of the Union: Trends in the Distribution of AlienSpecies in Europe.

5 Impacts on Biodiversity: Genes, Populations and Ecosystems -- 6 Responding to the Threat of Biological Invasions: a European Policy Perspective -- 7 A Future Europe: Will Economic Integration Lead to Biotic Homogenisation? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Deep Sea: If We Do Not Understand the Biodiversity, Can We Assess the Threat? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Deep Sea -- 3 Understanding Modern Deep-sea Biodiversity -- 4 Patterns of Biodiversity in the Deep Sea: Benthos -- 4.1 With Depth -- 4.2 With Latitude -- 4.3 With Productivity -- 4.4 Hydrothermal Vents, Cold Seeps and Whale Falls: Biodiversity Bonus? -- 5 Patterns of Biodiversity in the Deep Sea: Pelagos -- 6 Patterns of Biodiversity in the Deep Sea: Fish -- 7 Is Biodiversity in the Deep Sea Under Threat? -- 7.1 Disposal -- 7.2 Exploitation -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Glossary of Technical terms -- References -- Threatened Habitats: Marginal Vegetationin Upland Areas -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case Studies -- 3 Drivers, Pressures and Threats -- 3.1 Climate Change -- 3.2 Grazing -- 3.3 Fragmentation and Isolation -- 4 Managing Biodiversity in Marginal Habitats -- 4.1 Policy Context -- 4.2 Research Priorities -- 4.3 Management Action -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Trends in Biodiversity in Europe and theImpact of Land-use Change -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biodiversity in Europe: Current Status -- 3 Biodiversity in Europe: Information on Current Trends -- 3.1 Habitat Extent and Quality -- 3.2 Species Diversity -- 3.3 Species Abundance and Biomass -- 3.4 Distribution of Species -- 3.5 Threatened Status of Species -- 4 Biodiversity in Europe: an Historical Perspective -- 5 Biodiversity in Europe: Current and Future Threats -- 6 The Policy Response to Biodiversity Loss -- 7 Quantifying Biodiversity Loss -- 8 Biodiversity and Land-use Change -- 9 Discussion -- References.

Tropical Moist Forests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Tropical Forest Ecology -- 3 Continental Scale Variation due to Plate Tectonics -- 4 Regional Scale Variation due to Pleistocene Climate Fluctuations -- 4.1 Tropical Climate Change -- 4.2 Direct Evidence for Change -- 4.3 Inferential Evidence for Change -- 4.4 African Late Glacial Climates -- 4.5 Changing Climate Changing Forests -- 4.6 Past Climate Change as a Predictor of Diversity -- 5 Reasons for Local-scale Variation due to Present-day Ecology -- 6 Past Anthropogenic Impact on Tropical Forests -- 7 Present Anthropogenic Impact and Management of Tropical Forests -- 8 Case Study: Management of the Mufindi Forests -- 9 The Future -- References -- The Implementation of International Biodiversity Initiatives: Constraints and Successes -- 1 Towards International Biodiversity Goals -- 2 International Initiatives to Set Goals for Biodiversity Conservation -- 3 How are International Goals Implemented? -- 3.1 How has Finland Organised the Implementation of International Biodiversity Goals? -- 3.2 How has the UK Organised the Implementation of International Biodiversity Goals? -- 3.3 Alternative Routes from International Goals to Local Level Practices: Ranomafana National Park in Madagascar as a Case Study -- 4 When Implementation is Being Constrained -- 5 Does Implementation Lead to Wanted Results? -- 6 Mediation to Help Reach Effectiveness and Legitimacy -- 6.1 Braila Islands: Starting Management from Local Socioenvironmental Needs Before Linking with International Goals -- 6.2 From Hunger Strikes to Voluntary Measures: Forest Conservation in Karvia -- 6.3 Turning Symbolic Participation into Effective Deliberation -- 6.4 A Successful Community-led Biodiversity Management Process: the Farming for Nature Initiative -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Biodiversity Assessment and Change - the Challenge of Appropriate Methods -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Progressive Inclusion of Biodiversity Measures in Environmental Monitoring -- 1.2 The Challenge of Adequately Representing Complexity -- 1.3 Complexity and Ambiguity of the Term Biodiversity -- 1.4 Approaches to Reduce Complexity -- 2 Surrogate Measures, Indicators and Indices -- 2.1 Forerunners and First Steps in the 1980s -- 2.2 A Muddle of Terms -- 2.3 ''It Starts with the Right Question'' or ''the Choice of Valuesand Measures'' -- 2.4 Adoption of the Biodiversity Surrogate Approach -- 2.5 Biodiversity Indices -- 3 Indicators of Biodiversity and its Change for LTER Sites -- 3.1 LTER Sites and Biodiversity: Basic Concepts and Keystones -- 3.2 LTER Networks at Pan-European Level in Practice: the Experience of UN-ECE CLRTAP ICP IM and ICP Forests -- 3.3 Biodiversity Status and Change in Forest Ecosystems: Examples from Italy -- 3.4 Biodiversity Status and Change in Freshwater Ecosystems: Examples from North-Italy -- 3.5 Biodiversity Status and Change in the Marine Ecosystem: Examples from the Pelagic Ecosystem in Italy -- 3.6 Toward a Core Set of Biodiversity Indicators for LTER Sites -- 4 Indicators of Biodiversity and its Change for the ''Wider Countryside'' -- 4.1 Limitations of Discrete, Intensively Monitored Locations -- 4.2 Advantages of Supplementary Monitoring in the Wider Landscape -- 4.3 Data Sources that could Contribute to Surveillance in the Broader Landscape -- 5 How to Communicate Biodiversity Assessments to Stakeholdersand the Public? -- 5.1 General Principles -- 5.2 Setting Objectives -- 5.3 Selecting the Target Audience -- 5.4 Selection of Appropriate Tools -- 5.5 How to Do It? -- 5.6 Evaluation of Success -- 5.7 Case Study: Visitor Centre in Vaćrat́ot́, Hungary -- 6 Conclusions -- References.

Drivers and Pressures on Biodiversity in Analytical Frameworks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Different Approaches to Classify the Drivers and Pressures on Biodiversity -- 2.1 Scenarios of Biodiversity Change for the Year 2100 and the Ranking of the Main Drivers -- 2.2 The Stress-Response Framework -- 2.3 The DPSIR Framework -- 2.4 The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Framework (MA) -- 3 The Main Drivers and Pressures on Biodiversity -- 3.1 Land-use Changes -- 3.2 Climate Change -- 3.3 Changes in Matter Fluxes -- 3.4 Biological Invasions -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Subject Index.