Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- II WORKSHOP SUMMARY -- Introduction -- Organizing Framework -- Biological Responses of Tissues to Stressors -- PRESENTATIONS -- Soft Tissue Responses to Physical Stressors: Muscles, Tendons, and Ligaments -- Muscles -- Tendons and Ligaments -- Soft Tissue Responses to Physical Stressors: Nerves -- DISCUSSION -- Work Factors, Individual Host Factors, and Internal Loads: Biomechanics of Work Stressors -- PRESENTATION -- Work Factors and Biomechanics -- DISCUSSION -- Epidemiology: Physical Factors -- PANEL DISCUSSION -- WORKSHOP DISCUSSION -- Non-Biomechanical Factors That Can Affect Musculoskeletal Disorders -- PRESENTATION -- Epidemiological Evidence that Non-Biomechanical Factors Can Cause Musculoskeletal Disorders -- Individual Factors -- Organizational and Social Factors -- DISCUSSION -- Intervention to Control Musculoskeletal Disorders -- PRESENTATION -- The Research on Interventions to Control Musculoskeletal Disorders -- DISCUSSION -- Conclusion: Integration and Overview -- PANEL COMMENTS -- GENERAL DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Appendix A Invitees and Participants, Workshop on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: Examining ... -- PARTICIPANTS -- INVITEES WHO WERE UNABLE TO ATTEND -- STAFF -- Appendix B -- III WORKSHOP PAPERS -- Response of Muscle and Tendon to Injury and Overuse -- INTRODUCTION -- MUSCLE -- Contraction-induced Injury -- Single-event muscle strain injuries: -- Muscle Fatigue -- Muscle Pain -- Aging Effects in Muscle -- Effect of Exercise on Muscle -- Estimation of Muscle and Tendon Forces -- PASSIVE TENSILE STRUCTURES: -- Ligament -- Ligament response to alterations in loading -- Ligamentous response to repetitive loading -- Age-Related Changes in Ligaments -- Tendon -- Cumulative Strain -- Animal models of tendon response to exercise.

Animal models for inducing tendinosis. -- Measurements of Carpal Tunnel Pressure -- Muscle-Tendon Unit -- BRIEF DISCUSSION-THE SITE OF INJURY. -- CONCLUSIONS -- Tendon/ligament -- Muscle -- FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Biological Response of Peripheral Nerves to Loading: Pathophysiology of Nerve Compression Syndromes and Vibration Induced… -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PERIPHERAL NERVES -- Microanatomy -- Normal Gliding of Nerve Trunks -- PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT-DATABASE SEARCH -- EXPERIMENTAL DEVICES FOR NERVE COMPRESSION IN ANIMALS -- NERVE COMPRESSION-ACUTE EFFECTS (HOURS) -- NERVE COMPRESSION-SHORT-TERM EFFECTS (DAYS) -- NERVE COMPRESSION-LONG-TERM EFFECTS (WEEKS) -- HISTOLOGY OF HUMAN NERVE COMPRESSION -- VIBRATION AND NERVE-SHORT-TERM EFFECTS (DAYS) -- HISTOLOGY OF HUMAN VIBRATION INDUCED NEUROPATHY -- EXTRANEURAL PRESSURE IN NERVE COMPRESSION SYNDROMES -- EFFECTS OF JOINT POSTURE AND HAND LOADING ON EXTRANEURAL PRESSURE IN NORMAL SUBJECTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Work Factors, Personal Factors, and Internal Loads: Biomechanics of Work Stressors -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. INTERNAL TISSUE LOADING -- 2.1. Bone -- 2.2. Ligaments and Connective Tissues -- 2.3. Tendons -- 2.4. Muscles -- 2.4.1. Force Generation and Biomechanics -- 2.4.2. Co-contraction -- 2.4.3. Localized Muscle Fatigue -- 2.5. Inter-vertebral Disc -- 2.6. Nerves -- 3. EXTERNAL LOADING FACTORS -- 3.1. Physical Stress -- 3.1.1. Motion -- 3.1.2. Force -- 3.1.3. Vibration -- 3.1.4. Temperature -- 3.2. Physical Stress Properties -- 3.3. Interactions -- 4. ASSESSMENT OF WORKPLACE FACTORS -- 4.1. Survey Methods -- 4.2. Production and Time Data -- 4.3. Detailed Analysis -- 4.3.1.1 Force -- 4.3.1.2 Vibration -- 4.3.1.3 Cold -- 5. WORKPLACE DESIGN FACTORS AND PHYSICAL STRESS EXPOSURE -- 5.1. Workplace Layout -- 5.2. Interactions with Objects -- 5.3. Work Scheduling.

5.4. Force Requirements -- 5.5. Individual Factors -- 6. DISCUSSION -- 7. SUMMARY -- 8. References -- Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders: Examining the Research Base Epidemiology: Physical Factors -- SUMMARY: -- The Epidemiology of Workplace Factors and Musculoskeletal Disorders: an Assessment of the NIOSH Review -- References: -- Workshop on Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries: Examining the Research Base Panel on Epidemiology: Risk Factors -- Epidemiologic Studies of Physical Ergonomic Stressors and Musculoskeletal Disorders -- References -- Analysis of The Scientific Approach in Assessing Epidemiological Evidence for the Relationship Between Work and Musculoskel… -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODOLOGY FOR CAUSAL DETERMINATION OF WORK AND MSDS -- Study Critique -- Weight of Evidence Approach -- Work-Related and Non-work-Related MSD Incidence -- SUMMARY -- Summary Comments -- NOTES: -- Non-Biomechanical Factors Potentially Affecting Musculoskeletal Disorders -- SECTION ONE: PERSONAL FACTORS -- Systemic Disorders -- Vitamin B6 -- Pregnancy/Gynecologic History -- Body Mass Index (BMI) -- Gender -- Wrist size/dimension and CTS -- Aging and CTDs -- General Fitness -- Genetics -- SECTION TWO: WORK-RELATED FACTORS -- Search Strategy and Selection Criteria -- Summary of Results -- Review of Methods -- Additional Non-Biomechanical Factors -- Conclusion -- References -- Systemic Disease and CTS -- Vitamin B6 and CTS -- Pregnancy/Gynecologic History and CTS -- Obesity -- Gender and CTS -- Carpal Canal Size/Wrist shape -- Aging and CTDs -- Physical Conditioning -- Genetics and CTDs -- Non-biomechanical Work Factors-Exemplar Studies -- Non-biomechanical Work Factors - Other References -- A Review of Research on Interventions to Control Musculoskeletal Disorders -- A. INTRODUCTION -- B. THE NATURE OF INTERVENTIONS TO CONTROL MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS.

C. METHODS USED TO REVIEW THE LITERATURE -- D. GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF INTERVENTIONS ON MUSCULOSKELETAL… -- E.REVIEW OF SELECT RESEARCH -- 1. Conclusions from Examples of Laboratory Intervention Research: -- 1.1. Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses of the Laboratory Intervention Research Studies: -- B. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE FINDINGS FROM THE LABORATORY INTERVENTION RESEARCH STUDIES: -- 2. Conclusions from Examples of Field Intervention Studies: -- 2.1. Examples of Intervention Studies of Injured Employees: -- 2.1.1. Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses of the Field Studies using Injured Subjects: -- B. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE FINDINGS FROM THE FIELD INTERVENTION RESEARCH STUDIES USING INJURED SUBJECTS: -- 2.2. Examples of Intervention Studies with Healthy Workers: -- 2.2.1. Methodological Strengths and Weaknesses of the Field Studies using Healthy Subjects. -- B. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE FINDINGS FROM THE FIELD INTERVENTION RESEARCH STUDIES USING HEALTHY SUBJECTS: -- F. GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LITERATURE -- 1. Discussion of research methods -- 2. Quality of the research -- 3. Discussion of the Findings from the Literature -- G. References.