The Law of Open Societies Private Ordering and Public Regulation in the Conflict of Laws -- Table of Contents -- Table of Abbreviations -- Preface -- Introduction -- 1. Private International Law and Social Change -- 2. Recent Trends in Private International Law -- 3. Purpose and Methods of Private International Law -- a) Legal certainty in a multi-jurisdictional world -- b) Exclusive jurisdiction -- c) Application of foreign law pursuant to choice of law -- d) Choice of law and the welfare state -- e) The principle of recognition -- 4. Private and Public Actors -- 5. The Levels of Rule-making and the Conflict of Laws -- 6. Survey -- Part I From Closed Nation-States to the Open Society -- Chapter 1 The Advent of the Open Society -- Section 1: The Open Society in Political Philosophy -- 1. Henri Bergson -- 2. Karl Raimund Popper -- Section 2: Globalization as a Driving Force of the Open Society -- 1. Technological Innovation -- 2. The Impact on Trade in Goods and Services -- 3. Foreign Direct Investment -- 4. Migration -- 5. Globalization -- a) The nation-State as the starting point -- b) Opening frontiers towards global life -- 6. Conclusions -- Chapter 2 Globalization and the Law -- Section 1: Legal Underpinnings and Attendants of Globalization -- 1. Free Trade in Goods -- 2. Trade in Services -- 3. Free Movement of Capital -- a) Foreign direct investment -- b) Other capital flows -- 4. The Free Flow of Data -- 5. Migration -- 6. Institutionalization and Private Rights -- Section 2: Consequences for Policy-Making and Regulation -- 1. The Loss of State Knowledge and Private Rule-Making -- 2. Delocalization and the Choice of Connecting Factors -- 3. Regulatory Competition -- a) Private choice and State sovereignty -- b) Theoretical underpinnings -- c) Types of regulatory competition -- d) Limitations.

4. The Loss of Influence of Individual States and Their Reactions -- a) National policy versus free trade -- b) Extraterritorial application of national law -- c) International minimum standards -- 5. Collaboration of States: Unification, Harmonization, Coordination, Cooperation -- a) Purposes, institutions, history -- b) Forms of legal unification and harmonization -- c) Coordination by common rules on private international law -- d) Procedural cooperation -- Section 3: Outlook -- Part II Private Ordering -- Chapter 1 Substantive "Anational" Private Arrangements -- Section 1: The International Transaction Dilemma -- 1. Legal Pluralism and Its Economic Effects -- 2. Public and Private Remedies -- Section 2: The Export Trade -- 1. Balancing Manifold Interests - the Lex Meracatoria -- 2. Sellers and Buyers (Incoterms) -- a) Multifarious constellations -- b) The Incoterms -- 3. Carriers and Their Liability -- a) The significance of transport documents -- b) The carrier's liability -- 4. Banks and Payment (Uniform Customs and Practices for Letters of Credit) -- a) Evolution of the letter of credit -- b) The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits -- 5. Insurance -- Section 3: International Tourism: Package Tour Operators -- 1. Emergence and Specific Demand -- 2. Increasing Certainty through Regulation -- Section 4: Conclusion - The Domestication of International Transactions -- Chapter 2 Theory of Choice of Law and Party Autonomy -- Section 1: Party Autonomy in International Contract Law -- 1. Worldwide Recognition of Party Autonomy -- 2. Exclusion of Party Autonomy in Latin America -- a) Brazil -- b) Uruguay -- 3. Exclusion of Party Autonomy in the Middle East -- 4. Limitations on the Power to Choose the Applicable Law -- a) Choice of non-State law - lex mercatoria -- b) Relation between the contract and the law selected.

c) Restrictions for specific contracts -- d) Conclusion and outlook -- Section 2: A Priori and Derivative Conceptions of Party Autonomy -- Section 3: Theoretical Objections to Party Autonomy -- 1. Sovereignty -- a) Choice of law as an impairment of sovereignty -- b) Objective conception of the law -- c) Criticisms and countervailing contractual theories of State and law -- d) Conclusions -- 2. Ordre public -- a) Specifications of the ordre public -- b) Domestic contacts -- c) Conclusions for choice of law -- 3. No Binding Effect of Contracts outside a Legal Order -- a) The conclusion of a contract as a result of the applicable law -- b) The core and corona of the agreement -- 4. Protection of Weaker Parties -- a) Freedom of choice and power -- b) Neutralization through competition -- c) Imbalances in motivation -- d) Macro-economic and individual disequilibrium -- 5. Conclusion -- Section 4: Theoretical Basis for Freedom of Choice -- 1. Efficiency -- 2. Freedom and Natural Will -- 3. Binding Effect -- 4. Choice-of-Law Agreements as Self-fulfilling (Dispositional) Contracts -- 5. Freedom of Choice as a Pre-governmental Right -- a) Enlightenment philosophy and human rights -- b) Clarification of freedom of choice as derived from human rights -- Section 5: Conclusion -- 1. Interaction of Choice of Law and Objective Law -- 2. The Scope of Freedom of Choice in Private Law -- Chapter 3 New Domains for Party Autonomy -- Section 1: Contractual Relations Involving Third Parties -- 1. Agency -- a) The structure of agency relations -- b) Choice of law and party autonomy -- c) Party autonomy under positive law -- d) Comments on the Hague Agency Convention -- e) Conclusion -- 2. Assignment of Claims -- a) General backdrop -- b) Third-party effects: the Dutch solution -- c) The law governing third-party effects: national conflict rules -- d) A dual-track approach.

Section 2: Tort and Delict -- 1. The Specificity of Tort and Delict -- a) Primary and secondary rules of conduct -- b) Contract and tort -- 2. The Development of International Tort Law -- a) Lex fori -- b) Lex loci delicti -- c) Lex loci actus and lex loci iniuriae -- d) Specification and flexibilization -- 3. Party Autonomy -- a) Survey -- b) Ex post choice of law -- c) Indirect ex ante choice of law -- d) Direct ex ante choice of law: Rome II Regulation -- e) Direct ex ante choice: other jurisdictions -- f) Summary -- 4. Limits of Party Autonomy for Specific Torts -- 5. Conclusion: Comparative Assessment and Policy Considerations -- a) Party autonomy and its discontents -- b) Protection of the weaker party ? About contract and tort -- c) Freedom of contract in substantive law and tort conflicts -- Section 3: Property Rights -- 1. The Development Towards Lex Situs -- a) The lex situs and its rationale -- b) A critical policy appraisal -- 2. Party Autonomy: Acquisition and Loss of Rights in Rem in Movables -- a) Inconveniences of the situs rule -- b) Party autonomy as a solution -- c) Indirect admission of party autonomy through an escape clause -- d) Choice-of-law clauses with inter partes effects -- e) Title retention clauses in export contracts -- f) Party autonomy for movable property -- g) Summary -- 3. Negotiable Instruments: Security Interests in Financial Collateral -- a) Changes of the commercial environment -- b) From lex situs to party autonomy -- 4. Intellectual Property -- a) Nature, development and territoriality of intellectual property rights -- b) The framework of the lex loci protectionis in international law -- c) The scope of party autonomy -- 5. Summary -- Section 4: Persons -- 1. Scope and History of the Law of Persons -- a) The law of persons - a remainder of the Middle Ages -- b) Divergent policies.

2. Capacity and the Protection of Adults -- a) The rigidity of personal law -- b) First traces of party autonomy -- c) Enduring powers to act for incapable persons -- Section 5: Family -- 1. The Family, Family Law, and Basic Conflicts Law Orientations -- a) From social institution to family law -- b) Traditional choice-of-law approaches and party autonomy -- 2. The Effects of Marriage: Marital Property -- a) The main property regimes -- b) Dumoulin and French conflicts law -- c) A comparative survey over three conflicts principles -- d) Unification of conflicts law -- e) Conclusion -- 3. Divorce -- a) The significance and decline of marital status -- b) Basic orientations of the conflict of laws -- c) The decline of nationality as a connecting factor and its consequences -- d) The development towards party autonomy -- e) Rome III: Priority of party autonomy -- f) Conclusion -- 4. Maintenance -- a) Basic conflicts orientations -- b) Party autonomy and its exceptions under the 2007 Hague Protocol -- 5. Conclusion -- Section 6: Succession -- 1. Historical Evolution and Conflict Taboos -- 2. The Trend Towards Party Autonomy -- 3. Party Autonomy and Forced Heirship Restrictions in Present Conflicts Statutes -- 4. Conclusion -- Section 7 : Procedural Dispositions -- 1. Information on Foreign Law: the Division of Labour between the Parties and the Court -- 2. Strategic Options for the Parties -- a) Pleading of foreign law -- b) Procedural agreements -- c) Allegations in law -- Section 8: Conclusion -- 1. The Extension of Party Autonomy and its Social Background -- 2. Political Background: the Role of International Organizations -- 3. Limitations of Party Autonomy -- Chapter 4 Optional Law in Europe -- Section 1: The Europeanization of Private Law -- 1. Evolution -- 2. Types of Legislative Instruments.

Section 2: Optional Instruments of the European Union and the Conflict of Laws.