Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1.1 Definitions and requirements of biomedical implants -- 1.1.1 Biocompatibility and biodegradability -- 1.2 History of development of biomedical materials and implants -- 1.3 The range of biomedical materials and implants -- 1.3.1 Biomedical implants as active mediators of tissue growth -- 1.4 Service problems of biomedical materials -- 1.5 Prediction of service life of implants -- 1.5.1 Disposal of biomedical materials -- 1.6 Structure of this book -- 1.7 Summary -- References -- Physiological Environment of the Human Body -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Physical and chemical environment -- 2.2.1 The physical environment -- 2.2.2 The chemical environment -- 2.2.3 Changes that occur in pH -- 2.3 Human cells and cellular matrices -- 2.3.1 White blood cells -- 2.4 Tissue fluids and circulation systems -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- Implantation and Physiological Responses to Biomaterials -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Toxic action of implanted materials -- 3.2.1 Adsorption of toxic substances through the digestive tract -- 3.2.2 Initiation of cancer and allergic response to biomaterials -- 3.2.2.1 Cancer -- 3.2.2.2 Allergy -- 3.2.2.2.1 Mechanism of allergies and their classification -- 3.2.2.2.2 Practical causes of allergy -- 3.2.2.2.3 Allergies caused by implants -- 3.2.2.2.4 Allergies caused by contact -- 3.2.2.2.5 Allergies caused by Occupation -- 3.3 Infection from implanted biomaterials -- 3.3.1 Agents of infection -- 3.3.1.1 Bacteria -- 3.3.1.2 Viruses -- 3.3.2 Infection from arterial prostheses, prosthetic heart valves, orthopaedic implants, and catheters -- 3.3.2.1 Arterial prostheses and Prosthetic heart valves -- 3.3.2.2 Orthopaedic implants -- 3.3.3 Infection mechanisms, bacterial biofilms and contaminated catheters -- 3.3.3.1 Bacterial biofilms -- 3.3.3.2 Fungal Biofilms.

3.3.3.3 Fever and elevation of body temperature -- 3.3.3.4 Effect of immediate adsorption of proteins on surface -- 3.3.3.5 Effect of immune response on biomaterials -- 3.3.4 Sterilization of biomaterials -- 3.3.5 The protective responses of the body -- 3.3.5.1 Passive non-specific defenses -- 3.3.5.2 The immune system and the immune response -- 3.4 Reactions with fibrinogen -- 3.4.1 Role of plasma proteins and platelets -- 3.5 Cell-biomaterial Interactions -- 3.5.1 Mechanism of cell adhesion -- 3.5.1.1 Intra-cellular adhesion and the construction of tissue -- 3.5.1.2 Adhesion to alien materials -- 3.5.1.3 Detrimental adhesion by bacterial cells -- 3.6 Biocorrosion -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- Orthopaedic Prostheses -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Synovial lubrication and origins of arthritis -- 4.2.1 Structure of a synovial joint -- 4.2.1.1 Synovial lubrication -- 4.2.1.2 Causes of arthritis -- 4.3 Materials for orthopaedic prostheses -- 4.3.1 Implant materials chosen to optimize synovial lubrication -- 4.3.2 Wear-resistant materials for orthopaedic implants -- 4.3.2.1 Metals and polymers -- 4.3.2.2 Ceramic materials -- 4.3.2.3 Composite materials -- 4.3.2.4 Cementation of implants and bioactive coatings -- 4.3.2.5 Bioactive coatings from hydroxyapatite and related materials -- 4.3.3 Sterilisation of orthopaedic prostheses -- 4.3.3.1 Highly cross-linked UHMWPE and enhanced wear resistance -- 4.4 Fracture of orthopaedic prostheses -- 4.5 Wear and corrosion of orthopaedic prostheses -- 4.5.1 Wear mechanisms in orthopaedic prostheses -- 4.6 Bone substitutes -- 4.7 Tissue inflammation and progressive bone resorption -- 4.7.1 Tissue inflammations induced by wear particles of metals 4.7.1 Tissue inflammations induced by wear particles of metals -- 4.7.2 Progressive bone resorption by load shielding.

4.7.3 Cementation of orthopaedic prostheses to surrounding bone -- 4.7.3.1 Loss of mechanical strength and resultant fracture -- 4.7.3.2 Debris release and inflammation of surrounding tissues -- 4.7.3.3 Debonding of the cement to either the implant or the bone -- 4.8 Bone fixation plates and spinal implants -- 4.8.1 Fracture plates -- 4.8.2 Spinal implants -- 4.9 Summary -- References -- Cardiac, Vascular and Neural Implants -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The origins and modes of heart disorder -- 5.3 Artificial heart valves -- 5.3.1 Valves made from artificial materials -- 5.3.1.1 Valves made from denatured animal tissues -- 5.3.1.2 Bioprostheses -- 5.3.1.3 Mechanical heart valves -- 5.3.2 Environmental and Functional requirements -- 5.3.3 Wear and fracture of heart valves -- 5.3.4 Effects on tissues and blood -- 5.4 Stents for cardiac blood vessels -- 5.5 Implantation of pacemakers -- 5.6 Vascular implants -- 5.7 Neural implants -- 5.8 Summary -- References -- Dental Implants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Origins of dental decay and tooth loss -- 6.3 Materials for dental implants -- 6.3.1 Oral implants -- 6.3.2 Bone graft materials -- 6.4 Materials for dental fixators -- 6.4.1 Prosthodontic materials and implants -- 6.5 Dental restorative materials -- 6.6 Restorations, orthodontic and periodontic materials -- 6.6.1 Orthodontic implants -- 6.6.2 Endodontic implants -- 6.7 Wear of restorative materials -- 6.8 Corrosion behavior of dental restorative materials -- 6.8.1 Metal amalgam restorative materials -- 6.8.2 Ceramic and polymer restorative materials -- 6.9 Summary -- References -- Bioartificial Pancreas and Bioartificial Liver -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Diabetes and liver disease -- 7.3 Pancreas and liver -- 7.4 Immuno-isolation -- 7.4.1 Islet preservation and encapsulation -- 7.4.2 Vascular immuno-isolation devices.

7.4.3 Extravascular immuno-isolation devices -- 7.5 Bio-reactor for hybrid liver support -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Implants and Biomaterials for External Bodily Functions and Cosmetic Advantage -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Opthalmic implants and contact lenses -- 8.2.1 Opthalmic implants -- 8.2.2 Contact lenses -- 8.3 Breast implants and IUD's -- 8.3.1 Breast implants -- 8.3.2 Intra-uterine devices -- 8.4 Skin grafts -- 8.5 Materials for wound dressing -- 8.5.1 Synthetic fibre and polyurethane foam dressings -- 8.5.2 Alginate, hydrogel dressings -- 8.5.3 Cloth impregnated with activated charcoal and silver -- 8.5.4 Hydrocolloid dressings and the maggot treatment of wounds -- 8.6 Implants for cosmetic advantage -- 8.7 Summary -- References -- Tissue Scaffolds -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Biodegradable polymers and bioactive surfaces -- 9.3 Synthetic extra-cellular matrices -- 9.3.1 Scaffolding materials -- 9.4 Applications of tissue scaffolds -- 9.4.1 Tissue engineering with scaffolds -- 9.4.2 Controlled and localized release of drugs -- 9.5 Three dimensional cell culture and the manufacture of scaffolds -- 9.5.1 Manufacture of a the scaffold with a 3-dimensional structure -- 9.5.2 Manufacturing of precursors -- 9.5.3 Electrostatic spinning and the manufacture of extremely fine polymer fibres -- 9.5.4 Generation of porosity in scaffolding fibres -- 9.5.5 Hydrogel scaffolds -- 9.6 Service problems of tissue scaffolds -- 9.6.1 Mechanical strength of scaffolds -- 9.6.2 Service life of scaffolds -- 9.6.3 Promotion of cell growth inside the scaffold -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- Physiological Reactions to External Support Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Kidney dialysis -- 10.3 External blood pumps -- 10.4 Ventricular assist devices and monitoring -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- Drug Delivery Systems -- 11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Physicochemical and mass transfer considerations in microencapsulation -- 11.3 Materials for the selective delivery of drugs -- 11.4 Materials for sustained release of drugs -- 11.5 Summary -- References -- Physiological Reaction to Medical Instrumentation and Disposal of Used Biomaterials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Endoscopes -- 12.3 Biosensors -- 12.4 Ultra-sound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 12.5 Radiology -- 12.6 Waste disposal of used biomaterials -- 12.6.1 Waste disposal problems during the manufacture of biomedical materials -- 12.6.2 Disposal of dental amalgams -- 12.6.3 Disposal of kidney dialysis systems -- 12.7 Re-use of biomaterials -- 12.8 Summary -- References -- APPENDIX 1 Government and Technical Society Standards for Biomedical Materials -- APPENDIX 2 Experimental Apparatus to Measure the Service Characteristics of Implants -- Index.