Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Plates -- Figures -- Tables -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- The nature of value: differing paradigms -- The theoretical and methodological basis of the study -- The role of geographical information systems -- Costs and benefits of woodland: limitations of the study -- Ethical questions -- The ethical position adopted in this study -- Selection of the case study and data sources -- Data sources -- Context and structure of the book -- 2 Recreation: valuation methods -- Introduction -- The contingent valuation method -- Introduction: applying the CV method -- Focal methodological issues -- The valuation process and its influences -- Elicitation effects -- Understatement of WTP -- Overstatement of WTP -- Elicitation effects: empirical evidence -- Payment vehicle effects -- Questionnaire design impacts: budget constraint and ordering effects -- Summary of woodland CV research objectives -- The travel cost method -- Introduction -- Focal methodological issues -- Calculating travel costs -- Travel expenditure -- Time costs -- Summary: treatment of travel costs -- Other explanatory variables -- Functional form -- Estimation procedure -- Summary of woodland TC research objectives -- 3 Recreation: predicting values -- Introduction -- Review of the literature -- ITC studies -- ZTC studies -- CV studies -- Benefits transfer -- A meta-analysis of previous CV studies -- Conclusions -- The first Thetford CV/TC study -- The Thetford 1 CV study: elicitation, payment vehicle and user versus non-user effects -- The Thetford 1 TC study: functional form effects -- The Wantage CV study: households' WTP and farmers' WTA compensation for a community woodland -- Household WTPsurvey -- Study design -- WTP results -- Validation: bid curve analysis -- Aggregation.

Farmers' WTA survey -- Design -- WTA results -- Validation: bid curve analysis -- Aggregation -- Comparison of household WTPand farm WTA measures -- The Wantage study: conclusions -- The second Thetford CV/TC study -- The Thetford 2 CV study: budget constraint and question-order effects -- Study design -- WTP results -- WTP per annum (tax) responses -- WTP per visit (fee) responses -- Validation -- Discussion -- Budget constraint effects -- Ordering effects -- Conclusions -- The Thetford 2 TC study: a GIS-based investigation of measurement and estimation effects -- Applying GIS to the TC method -- Sensitivity analysis 1: unit-value assumptions and estimation techniques -- Results -- Sensitivity analysis 2: measurement issues -- Results -- Thetford 2TC study: conclusions -- Summary and conclusions -- 4 Recreation: predicting visits -- Introduction -- Estimating an arrivals function -- Previous studies -- Recreation demand: the Thetford Forest study -- Applying the arrivals function: predicting arrivals in Wales -- Mapping predicted recreation values -- Extensions -- Limitations of the predicted recreation values -- The supply side -- Applicability of the Thetford Forest period to annual conversion factor -- Comparability of recreation in Thetford Forest with that in Wales -- Conclusions -- 5 Timber valuation -- Historical background -- Pre-1945 -- Post-1945 -- Public sector forestry -- Private sector forestry -- Historical background: summary -- The UK timber market and long-term prices -- Softwoods -- Hardwoods -- Grants -- Forestry Commission administered grants -- Other grant schemes -- Grants: conclusions -- Plantation costs and revenues -- Choice of species -- Sitka spruce costs and revenues -- Costs -- Revenues -- Beechcosts and revenues -- Costs -- Revenues -- Discount rates -- Farmers' discount rates -- Literature review -- Empirical work.

Rates of return in Wales, 1987-92 -- Rates of return in Wales, 1989/90 -- Farm discount rates: summary -- Social discount rates -- Discount rates: conclusions -- The private value of timber production -- The social value of woodlands -- Non-environmental non-market social costs and benefits -- National security -- Economic security -- Import substitution -- Employment -- Environmental non-market social costs and benefits -- Recreation use and option value -- Carbon sequestration -- Acidification -- Landscape amenity -- Biodiversity impacts -- Other non-use values -- Non-market social costs and benefits: summary -- Annual equivalent social timber values -- Conclusions -- 6 Modelling and mapping tim er yield and its value -- Introduction -- Literature review and methodological overview -- Literature review -- Overview of modelling approach -- Data and data manipulation -- The FC Sub-Compartment Database (SCDB) -- The SSLRC Land Information System (LandIS) -- Background -- The data -- Other data -- Topex and wind hazard -- Elevation and associated variables -- Creating GIS surfaces for explanatory variables -- Yield models for Sitka spruce and beech -- Sitka spruce -- Beech -- Mapping yield class -- Producing predicted yield class maps within a GIS -- Timber yield maps for Sitka spruce -- Timber yield maps for beech -- Producing timber yield value maps -- Conclusions -- 7 Modelling and valuing carbon sequestration in trees, timber products and forest soils -- Introduction -- Literature review -- The shadow price of carbon emissions -- Carbon storage in trees -- Carbon liberation from wood products -- Carbon flux in soils -- Determinants of soil carbon levels -- Afforestation and soil carbon -- Methodology -- Modelling carbon storage in trees -- Carbon storage in Sitka spruce live wood -- Carbon storage in beech live wood.

Modelling carbon liberation from felling waste and timber products -- Modelling carbon storage and loss from soils -- Results -- Net carbon storage in live wood, products and waste -- Extending the analysis to include soil carbon flux -- Summary and conclusions -- 8 Modelling opportunity cost: agricultural output values -- Introduction -- Policy background in the UK -- The initial CAP support system -- Operation of the CAP in the UK: 1973 to the early 1990s -- Operation of the CAP in the UK: the early 1990s to 2001 -- Conclusions: the potential for change -- Developing a GIS-based modelling methodology -- The data -- Farm sectors and farm income -- Modelling farm surplus -- Mapping market and shadow values for farms -- Summary and conclusions -- 9 Cost-benefit analysis using GIS -- Introduction -- Results -- Results for the 6 per cent discount rate -- Conversion from agriculture to conifer woodland -- Sheep farms -- Milk farms -- Conversion from agriculture to broadleaf woodland -- Sheep farms -- Milk farms -- Conversions between milk and sheep farming -- Results for the 6 per cent discount rate: summary -- Results for the 3 per cent discount rate -- Conversion from agriculture to conifer woodland -- Sheep farms -- Milk farms -- Conversion from agriculture to broadleaf woodland -- Sheep farms -- Milk farms -- Other discount rates -- CBA summary and the present situation -- CBA summary -- The present situation -- 10 Conclusions and future directions -- Introduction -- Summary of research -- Problems, progress and plans -- Conclusions -- Principal methodological feature -- Principal empirical feature -- References -- Index.