Cover -- Nuclear Decommissioning, Waste Management, and Environmental Site Remediation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the authors -- Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- Part I: Fundamentals -- Chapter 1. Setting the Scene -- 1-1 Introduction -- 1-2 The Evolution of the Current Organisational Arrangements in the UK -- 1-3 A European Perspective on Nuclear Power Generation -- 1-4 An International Perspective on Radioactive Waste Management -- 1-5 International Regulation and Collaboration -- 1-6 The Kyoto Protocol and OSPAR (Oslo Paris Convention) -- 1-7 Waste Production -- 1-8 Acronyms and Abbreviations -- 1-9 References -- Chapter 2. Ionising Radiation and its Control -- 2-1 Introduction -- 2-2 The Properties of Radiation -- 2-3 Basic Concepts and Units -- 2-4 The Measurement of Radiation -- 2-5 The Biological Effects of Radiation -- 2-6 Radiological Protection Principles -- 2-7 Practical Advice on Radiation Protection Implementation -- 2-8 The Role of NRPB -- 2-9 Practical Advice on Principles for Solid Radioactive Waste Disposal -- 2-10 Exemption of Sources from Regulatory Controls -- 2-11 Chronic Exposures -- 2-12 Methods of Radiation Detection -- 2-13 Choosing Detection Equipment -- 2-14 Practical Aspects of Radiation Protection -- 2-15 Summary -- 2-16 References -- Part II: Decommissioning -- Chapter 3. Decommissioning „ Introduction and Overview -- 3-1 Definition and Scope -- 3-2 Stages of Decommissioning -- 3-3 Drivers Determining Decommissioning Plans and Programs -- 3-4 Risk Versus Hazard -- 3-5 Contrasting Reactor Decommissioning With Other Facilities -- 3-6 Availability of Guidance and Reference Information -- 3-7 References -- Chapter 4. Typical Government Policy on Decommissioning -- 4-1 Introduction -- 4-2 How and Why is Government Involved? -- 4-3 Some of the Key Drivers for Government -- 4-4 Current Developments.

4-5 Decommissioning Research Framework Programs of the European Community -- 4-6 The Challenges Ahead -- 4-7 References -- Chapter 5. The Transition from Operations to Decommissioning -- 5-1 Introduction -- 5-2 Preparing for the Transition -- 5-3 Human Resource Issues -- 5-4 Information Requirements -- 5-5 Implementation lssues -- 5-6 Costs of Transition Activities -- Chapter 6. Reactor Decommissioning „ The Safestore Concept -- 6-1 Introduction -- 6-2 Decommissioning and Radioactivity -- 6-3 Decommissioning Activities -- 6-4 Paying for Decommissioning -- 6-5 References -- Chapter 7. Decommissioning PIE and Other Facilities -- 7-1 Introduction -- 7-2 Key Issues to be Considered -- 7-3 Alpha and Gamma Radiation Working -- 7-4 Decommissioning Examples -- Chapter 8. Preparation of Documentation for Decommissioning -- 8-1 Introduction -- 8-2 Decommissioning Plan and Program -- 8-3 Decommissioning Safety Case -- 8-4 Conventional Safety Documentation Requirements -- 8-5 Management Procedures and Quality Assurance -- 8-6 Examples of Typical Safety Documentation -- Chapter 9. Radiological Characterisation -- 9-1 Introduction -- 9-2 General Approach -- 9-3 Characterisation Plan -- 9-4 In Situ Measurements -- 9-5 Sampling and Analysis -- 9-6 Quality Assurance Requirements -- 9-7 Characterisation Report -- 9-8 Reference -- Chapter 10. Decontamination Techniques -- 10-1 Introduction -- 10-2 Objectives and Constraints for Decontamination -- 10-3 Characteristics of Decontamination Techniques -- 10-4 Waste Minimisation and Treatment -- 10-5 Selecting a Decontamination Technique -- 10-6 Positive and Negative Experiences from Completed Projects -- 10-7 References -- Chapter 11. Dismantling Techniques -- 11-1 Introduction -- 11-2 Cutting Techniques -- 11-3 Remote Handling Techniques -- 11-4 Radiological Protection During Dismantling.

11-5 Case Study: WAGR Decommissioning -- Part III: Project and Program Management -- Chapter 12. Site Environmental Restoration Program Management -- 12-1 Introduction -- 12-2 The Framework for Environmental Restoration Program Management -- 12-3 The Strategic Plan -- 12-4 The Integrated Site Restoration Plan -- 12-5 Making the Case for a Project to Proceed -- 12-6 The Project Sanction Process -- 12-7 Principles for Carrying out Financial Appraisals -- 12-8 References -- Chapter 13. Project Investment Appraisal and Contract Strategy -- 13-1 Introduction -- 13-2 Capital Investment -- 13-3 Project Identification -- 13-4 Appraisal Methods -- 13-5 Project Investment Examples -- 13-6 Modern Contract Strategy in the Nuclear Industry -- 13-7 Alternative Sources of Funds -- 13-8 References -- Chapter 14. Hazard Reduction and Project Prioritisation -- 14-1 Introduction -- 14-2 Understanding Risk and Dose -- 14-3 Hazard Reduction -- 14-4 Project Prioritisation -- 14-5 Case Studies -- 14-6 References -- Chapter 15. Decommissioning Cost Estimating -- 15-1 Introduction -- 15-2 Conventional Cost Estimating -- 15-3 Standardised Cost Listings -- 15-4 Parametric Cost Estimating -- 15-5 Reference -- Part IV: Waste Management -- Chapter 16. Waste Management „ Introduction and Overview -- 16-1 Requirements to Manage Radioactive Wastes -- 16-2 Characterisation and Segregation -- 16-3 Passive Safety -- 16-4 Classification of Wastes -- 16-5 Summary -- 16-6 Reference -- Chapter 17. Waste Management Strategy -- 17-1 Introduction -- 17-2 Waste Management Strategy Requirements -- 17-3 Elements of a Waste Management Strategy -- 17-4 Strategic Planning -- 17-5 Integration and Costing -- 17-6 Review and Updating -- 17-7 Fundamentals of Licensees' Strategies -- 17-8 Summary -- 17-9 References -- Chapter 18. Policy and Regulatory Aspects of Waste Management -- 18-1 Introduction.

18-2 Nuclear Site Operations -- 18-3 Environmental Policy and Regulation -- 18-4 EnvironmentalManagement System (EMS) -- 18-5 Organisational Framework -- 18-6 Tolerability of Risk -- 18-7 References -- Chapter 19. Management of Low Level Wastes (LLW) -- 19-1 Introduction -- 19-2 Sources of LLW -- 19-3 LLW Disposal -- 19-4 LLW Disposal Practices -- 19-5 LLW Conditioning Facilities -- 19-6 Reference -- Chapter 20. Management of Intermediate Level Wastes (ILW) -- 20-1 Introduction -- 20-2 Regulatory Requirements for ILW -- 20-3 Sources and Processing Requirements -- 20-4 Standard Waste Packages and Specifications -- 20-5 ILW Conditions for Acceptance for Interim Storage and/or Eventual Disposal -- 20-6 Case Study „ Waste Packaging Exercise -- 20-7 References -- Chapter 21. Management of High Level Wastes (HLW) -- 21-1 Introduction -- 21-2 Origins and Disposition of HLW -- 21-3 Spent Fuel -- 21-4 HLW Characteristics and Inventory Data -- 21-5 HLW Current World Disposal Status -- 21-6 References -- Chapter 22. Transport -- 22-1 Introduction -- 22-2 Regulatory Requirements for Transport -- 22-3 Examples of Waste Transport Packages -- 22-4 Transport of Large Items of Decommissioning Waste -- 22-5 Regulatory Considerations in the UK -- 22-6 Waste Transport Planning -- 22-7 References -- Part V: Site Environmental Remediation -- Chapter 23. Site Remediation „ Principles and Regulatory Aspects -- 23-1 Introduction -- 23-2 Delicensing -- 23-3 Chemically Contaminated Land -- 23-4 Radioactively Contaminated Land -- 23-5 Principles for Management of Contaminated Land -- 23-6 Best Practicable Environmental Option -- 23-7 Summary -- Chapter 24. Characterisation of Contaminated Land -- 24-1 Introduction -- 24-2 Desk Studies -- 24-3 Walk Over Surveys -- 24-4 Planning the Characterisation Program -- 24-5 Health, Safety, and Logistical Issues.

24-6 Nonintrusive Surveys -- 24-7 Intrusive Surveys -- 24-8 Logging, Sampling, and Analysis -- 24-9 Interpretation and Modeling -- 24-10 Databasing and GIS -- 24-11 Guidance on Site Investigation -- 24-12 References -- Chapter 25. Technologies for Remediating Contaminated Land -- 25-1 Introduction -- 25-2 Waste Minimisation -- 25-3 Immobilisation, Stabilisation, and Solidification -- 25-4 Containment Systems and Hydraulic Measures -- 25-5 Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater -- 25-6 Best Practicable Environmental Option -- 25-7 References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1. Country Specific Examples of Radioactive Waste Management Programs -- AI-1 Belgium -- A1-2 Canada -- A1-3 Finland -- A1-4 France -- A1-5 Germany -- A1-6 Japan -- A1-7 The Netherlands -- A1-8 Spain -- A1-9 Sweden -- AI-10 Switzerland -- AI-11 The United Kingdom -- Al-12 The United States of America -- Al-13 Central and Eastern European Countries -- Appendix 2. An Example of a Project Sanction Case „ Repacking of Harwell Legacy Intermediate Level Wastes -- A2-1 Introduction -- A2-2 Objective -- A2-3 Recommendation -- A2-4 Technical Appraisal of Options -- A2-5 Implementation -- A2-6 Public Relations -- A2-7 Conclusions -- A2-8 Description of B459 -- A2-9 References -- Appendix 3. An Example of a Site Remediation Project „ Dounreay Castle Ground Remediation -- A3-1 Background -- A3-2 Site Characterisation -- A3-3 Option Study -- A3-4 Design -- A3-5 Implementation -- A3-6 Risk Assessment -- A3-7 References -- Appendix 4 -- A4-1 Internet Information -- A4-2 Book List -- Appendix 5. Elements and Isotopes -- A5-1 Introduction -- A5-2 The Nucleus -- A5-3 Radioactivity -- A5-4 Half-Life -- A5-5 Table of Elements -- A5-6 Reactor Grade Plutonium Decay -- Index.