Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- PART I Global health -- 1 Health, disease and the health transition -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Health status or disease status? -- 1.3 Categorising countries -- 1.4 The health transition: a critique -- 1.4.1 What is the 'health transition'? -- 1.4.2 Health transition: periods, pathways and models -- 1.4.3 What propels the health transition? -- 1.4.4 The health transition: a critique -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- 2 Global health: past trends and present challenges -- 2.1 The global picture: measures of progress -- 2.1.1 Life expectancy -- 2.1.2 Counting the dead -- 2.1.3 Fifty-six million deaths worldwide -- 2.2 Infant and child deaths -- 2.2.1 Past trends -- 2.2.2 The present -- 2.3 Maternal deaths -- 2.3.1 Past trends -- 2.3.2 The present -- 2.4 Adult deaths -- 2.4.1 Past trends -- 2.4.2 The present -- 2.4.3 Recent trends in causes of adult deaths in wealthy countries -- 2.4.4 Recent trends in causes of adult deaths in poor countries -- 2.4.5 Deaths in older people -- 2.4.6 Avoidable deaths -- 2.5 Disease and disability -- 2.5.1 Measuring the impact of disease and disability -- 2.5.2 The global disease burden -- 2.5.3 Health expectancy measures -- 2.6 Inequalities in health -- 2.7 Explaining trends in mortality -- 2.8 Emerging issues -- 2.9 Summary -- References -- 3 Contemporary global health issues -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Underlying socio-economic causes of population health status -- 3.2.1 Health, wealth and poverty -- 3.2.2 Other socio-economic causes -- 3.2.3 Literacy and education -- 3.3 Global environmental changes -- 3.4 Population growth and over-consumption -- 3.4.1 Population growth -- 3.4.2 Over-consumption -- 3.5 Personal behaviours and health -- 3.5.1 Tobacco smoking -- 3.5.2 Alcohol.

3.5.3 Dietary imbalance: underconsumption and overconsumption -- 3.5.4 Physical inactivity -- 3.5.5 Unsafe sex -- 3.6 Injury: unintentional and intentional -- 3.6.1 Car crashes -- 3.6.2 Occupational hazards -- 3.6.3 Violence: personal, civil and international -- 3.7 Summary -- References -- PART II Epidemiology -- 4 Evolution of epidemiology: ideas and methods -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The origins of epidemiology -- 4.2.1 Early origins -- 4.2.2 Seventeenth- and eighteenth-century influences -- 4.2.3 The nineteenth-century blossoming of epidemiology -- 4.3 The twentieth-century resurgence -- 4.3.1 Non-communicable disease epidemiology -- 4.3.2 Phases of modern epidemiology -- 4.4 Ideas and methods -- 4.4.1 Causal inference -- 4.4.2 Study design -- Cohort studies -- Case control studies -- Experimental studies -- Ecological studies -- 4.4.3 Epidemiological analyses -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 The current state of epidemiology: achievements and limitations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Achievements -- 5.2.1 The growth of epidemiology -- 5.2.2 Epidemiology and health status improvement: essential but not sufficient -- 5.2.3 Contributions to medical care -- 5.3 Limitations -- 5.3.1 'Risk factor' epidemiology -- 5.3.2 Data quality and scientific standards -- 5.3.3 Asocial epidemiology -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Challenges for epidemiology: historical and contemporary -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Improving basic epidemiological information -- 6.3 Causal inference -- 6.4 Global problems require global solutions -- 6.5 Linking epidemiology and public policy -- 6.5.1 Building links with policy makers -- 6.5.2 Communicating risk -- 6.5.3 Overcoming isolation -- 6.5.4 Achieving breadth and depth -- 6.6 The ethical challenge -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- PART III Public health -- 7 Public health themes: historical and contemporary.

7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The nature and scope of public health -- 7.3 A 'Golden Age' of public health? -- 7.4 Role of the state -- 7.5 Individual liberty and collective responsibility -- 7.6 The role of scientific knowledge -- 7.7 The professionalisation of public health -- 7.8 Globalisation of public health -- 7.9 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Public health organisation and practice in wealthy countries -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Public health in the United Kingdom -- 8.3 Public health in Europe -- 8.4 Public health in the United States of America -- 8.4.1 Organisation of public health services -- 8.4.2 The Institute of Medicine's Report and its impact -- 8.4.3 Tobacco control in the USA -- 8.4.4 Summary -- 8.5 Public health in Japan -- 8.6 Public health in Sweden -- 8.7 Public health in New Zealand -- 8.8 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Public health organisation and practice in poor countries -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 China: public health a political priority - but faltering progress -- 9.3 Cuba: public health at all cost -- 9.4 Kerala State: public health at low cost - but faltering progress -- 9.5 Africa: poor health at high cost and with major setbacks -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Public health at the crossroads -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Public health: definitions and scope -- 10.3 Recent public health movements -- 10.3.1 New public health -- 10.3.2 The Ottawa Charter: new dimensions to health promotion -- 10.3.3 Ecological public health -- 10.3.4 Population health -- 10.4 A critical connection: public health and epidemiology -- 10.5 A growing foundation: public health education and training -- 10.6 The promise of public health research -- 10.7 Public health advocacy: an important skill -- 10.8 Participation: the key to a strong public health movement -- 10.9 Public health, human rights and ecological constraints.

10.9.1 Principles of public health ethics -- 10.10 The globalisation of public health -- 10.10.1 The daunting global context -- 10.10.2 WHO: struggling to respond to multiple global health challenges -- 10.10.3 Recent global health initiatives: the promise of public-private partnerships -- 10.11 Prospects for public health: cautious optimism still justified -- 10.12 Conclusions -- References -- Index.