POVERTY IN AFRICA -- AFRICAN POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,AND SECURITY ISSUES SERIES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- THE IMPACT OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTUREON POVERTY REDUCTION IN AFRICA -- ABSTRACT -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ROAD TRANSPORT IN AFRICA -- III. REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE -- 3.1 Linking Road Infrastructure to Poverty Reduction: A Framework -- 3.2. Empirical Literature on the Impact of Road Infrastructure on Poverty -- IV. THE MODEL AND DATA: IMPACT OF ROAD INFRASTRUCTUREON POVERTY IN AFRICA -- 4.1. The Empirical Model -- 4.2 The Data -- V. EMPIRICAL RESULTS -- 5.1 OLS Results -- 5.2. IV-GMM Results -- VI. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- WE ARE THE FIRST DOCTORS HERE AT HOME:WOMEN'S PERSPECTIVES ON SANITARYCONDITIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- The Setting -- Mozambique -- Life Conditions in Maciene -- Sanitation and Public Health -- Gender Issues -- Equity and the Determinants of Health -- METHODOLOGY -- Ethnographic Approach -- The Informants -- Data Collection -- Analysis of Data -- Writing Ethnography -- FINDINGS -- Caring for Sanitation -- Personal Hygiene -- Food Hygiene -- House Hygiene and Waste-Activities in the Yard -- The Informants Perceptions and Preferences of the Sanitary Conditions -- The Everyday Sanitary Conditions -- Sanitation Related Responsibilities -- Support and change of the sanitary conditions -- Conclusion According to the Ecological Model of the Determinants of Health -- Layer one-lifestyle factors: -- Layer two-social and community networks: -- Layer three-living and working conditions: -- Layer four-general socioeconomic, cultural and environmental conditions: -- DISCUSSION -- Discussion of Findings -- Lifestyle and Community Networks -- Living Conditions, Poverty and Sanitation -- Gender and Sanitation -- Equity in Health.

Discussion of the Ethnographic Approach -- Ethics and Objectivity -- Implementation of the Ethnographic Design -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX 1 -- Definitions -- Low-income country: -- Household: -- Hygiene: -- Socio-economic group: -- REFERENCES -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS -- Maja Söderbäck, PhD, BcS, RNped -- Malin Udén, MPH, -- LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION,DE-AGRARIANISATION AND SOCIALDIFFERENTIATION: COMPARATIVE ANALYSISOF RURAL LIVELIHOODS FROM SOUTHAFRICA AND KENYA1 -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CONTEMPORARY FEATURES OF RURALPOVERTY IN AFRICA -- 2.1. Changing Nature of Rural Poverty -- Livelihood Diversification -- De-agrarianisation -- Regional Diversity -- Social Differentiation -- 2.2. Emerging Research Agenda -- 2.3. Search for Alternative Theory/Methodology -- Theoretical/Methodological Challenges -- Search for Sociological Typologies -- 2.4. Livelihood Approach -- 2.5. Application to South African Case -- 2.6. Application to Kenyan Case -- 3. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Study Areas -- 3.2. Livelihood Clusters in South Africa and Kenya -- 3.3. Factors Affecting the Extent of De-Agrarianisation -- 3.4. Driving Forces of off-Farm Income Livelihood Diversification,De-Agrarianisation and Social Differentiation -- 3.5. Impacts of Livelihood Diversification, De-Agrarianisation and SocialDifferentiation on Social Relations -- 3.6. Theoretical/Methodological Implications -- 4. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- POVERTY AND MATERNAL HEALTH IN MALAWI -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Socio-Economic Status of Malawi -- Status of Maternal Health in Malawi -- Objectives -- METHODOLOGY -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Medical Inventories -- Plant Species Identification -- Data Analysis -- MODERN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SERVICES AVAILABLE IN THESTUDY AREA -- CONTRIBUTION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS TOMATERNAL HEALTH.

Child Deliveries Made by Traditional Birth Attendants Vis-À-VisAvailability of Resources -- Challenges Faced by Traditional Birth Attendants in Providing MaternalHealthcare Delivery Services -- Collaboration between Traditional Healers and Modern Doctors -- Diseases Prevalent among Pregnant Women -- Causes of Maternal Mortality -- Utilisation of Medicinal Plants -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- OYSTER MUSHROOM CULTIVATION FOR RESOURCEPOORFARMERS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MUSHROOMS IN ECOSYSTEMS -- Medicinal Mushrooms -- Mushrooms as Nutriceuticals -- Mushroom Production as a Source of Income -- Mushrooms as a Food Source -- PLEUROTUS SPP AS FOOD SOURCE, MEDICINE AND AUUTRICEUTICAL -- Nutrient Content of Pleurotus spp -- Pleurotus Cultivation -- SUBSTRATES AND SUBSTRATE PREPARATION -- PLEUROTUS CULTIVATION IN ZIMBABWE -- Adoption of the Oyster Mushroom Growing Technology -- Challenges to Adoption of Technology in Zimbabwe -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHINESE POLICIES TOWARDS AFRICA: POVERTYALLEVIATING OR POVERTY PROMOTING? -- ABSTRACT -- Rationale -- OBJECTIVES -- Conclusion / recommendations -- INTRODUCTION -- Theories on China's Role in Africa -- CHINA'S POLICY IN AFRICA: POVERTY ALLEVIAION -- Introduction -- The Significance of Partnerships -- Africa's Aid Needs -- Western versus Chinese aid Assistance -- Chinese aid -- CHINA'S POLICY IN AFRICA: SOCIOPOLITICS,ECONOMICS AND DIPLOMACY -- Five Point Proposal -- China's non-Ideological Footing in Africa: Non-Interference -- China's Past Conduct -- China's Non Interference Policy: Sudan's Weak Administrative System -- CASE STUDIES -- Chinese Employers and Labor Relations in Zambia -- Introduction -- Zambia's mining industry and labor laws -- Weak Administrative Systems - The West African Timber Industry and theEnvironment -- Introduction.

China's purchase of West African timber -- Recommendations for conflict timber exporters and China -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Corporate Social Responsibility -- Public Diplomacy -- Maintaining Colonial Goodwill -- Foreign aid -- Promotion of Democracy and Human Rights -- CONCLUSION -- BIBIOGRAPHY -- THE EVOLUTION AND DYNAMICS OF URBANPOVERTY IN ZAMBIA -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ZAMBIA -- 3. URBAN POVERTY IN ZAMBIA -- 4. URBAN AGRICULTURE AS A MEANS OF COPING WITH URBANPOVERTY -- 5. CONCLUSION -- 6. REFERENCES -- THE ROLE OF SMALL SCALE SURVIVALISTENTERPRISES IN GENERATION OF HOUSEHOLDINCOMES IN VHEMBE DISTRICT OF LIMPOPOPROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- Background to the Study -- Problem Statement -- OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY -- Justification of the Study -- LITERATURE REVIEW -- Factors Influencing the Success or Failure of Survivalist Enterprises -- The Role of Women in Survivalist Enterprises -- i. The lack of Appropriate Domestic Technologies -- ii. Cultural Beliefs -- iii. Spatial Mobility -- iv. High illiteracy rate among women -- i. Financial problems -- ii. Marketing problems -- iii. Gender issues -- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY -- Data Collection Procedures -- Sampling Frame -- Data Collection Instruments -- Data Analysis -- RESEARCH FINDINGS ON SURVIVALIST ENTERPRISES -- Characteristics of the People Involved In These Activities -- Gender -- Age -- Marital Status -- Gender and Education -- Number of Dependants -- Sources of Initial Capital -- Ability to Reinvest Profit -- Activities Used for Survivalist Enterprises -- Income Generated by Survivalist Enterprises in Rand -- Income Distribution from Survivalist Enterprises -- Assistance Needed by the People Involved in Survivalist Enterprises -- Help for Unemployed -- Problems Encountered by People Involved in Survivalist Enterprises.

CONCLUSION AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS -- SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS -- REFERENCES -- GENDER INEQUALITY AND POVERTY:THE KENYAN CASE* -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GENDER INEQUALITY IN THE ALLOCATIONOF AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES -- CULTURE AND ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES -- ALLOCATION OF RESOURCES AND BARGAINING POWER -- HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX -- CRITICISM OF THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX -- GENDER RELATED DEVELOPMENT INDEX (GDI) -- GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASURE (GEM) -- CRITICISM OF THE GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASURE -- EDUCATION AND LITERACY LEVELS -- FEMALE/MALE RATIOS IN DECISION-MAKING INSTITUTIONS -- LIFE EXPECTANCY -- GDP PER CAPITA LEVELS -- POVERTY RATES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE GLOBALIZATION-AIDS-POVERTY SYNDROMEIN AFRICA* -- INTRODUCTION -- NEOLIBERALIZM AND AIDS IN CONTEXT -- COLONIALISM, GENDER, AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF HIV -- THE LIBERALIZATION OF AIDS: GLOBALIZATION AND POVERTY -- MAKING THE LINKS: GENDER, DEEPENING POVERTYAND AIDS -- BREAKING THE GAPS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.