The Guide to Computer Simulations and Games -- About the Authors -- About the Technical Editor -- Credits -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I Context -- Chapter 1 Spoilers -- A Sneak Peek at Simulations … -- Microsimulation of Traffi c Flow -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- GRI VROV Simulator -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- …And Games … -- Mario Kart -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- Portal 2 -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- … For Education and Training -- Coole Immersive SRT -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- Real Lives -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- FloodSim -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- Foldit -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- The Booze Cruise -- Overview -- Goals/Purpose/Use -- Structure -- Interaction (Gameplay) -- Features -- What Is Being Simulated -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 2 Fundamentals -- Why Definitions Matter -- Modeling versus Simulation -- What Is a Simulation? -- Simulations and Games before Computers -- Games -- Simulations -- Brief History of Computer Simulation -- Video Games -- Serious Games -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Notes -- References.

Chapter 3 Going Digital -- Traditional versus Digital Simulations in Education -- What Is an Educational Simulation? -- Brief History of Educational Simulations -- The Edutainment Era -- The Education Simulation-Game Continuum -- What Is a Game? -- The Problem with Reality -- All Games Are Simulations -- Synergy: Analog Sims and Games Meet Computer Simulations and Games -- What They Share -- How Going Digital Changes Things -- Base Model -- Rules -- Affordances -- Validity -- Closure -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Definition of Game -- References -- Chapter 4 How Programs Work -- Demystification -- Algorithms -- Example 1: A Bad Algorithm and Basic Flowcharts -- Example 2: Navigating an Automated Telephone Answering System: Decisions, Input, Output -- General Design Considerations -- Example 3: Mowing the Lawn: Modules -- Example 4: Making an Egg Salad: Iteration, Complexity, and Parameters -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- Notes and Other Resources -- Part II It's About Time -- Chapter 5 The Stuff of Which Simulations Are Made -- The Passage of Time -- Continuous Simulations -- Discrete Simulations -- When Discrete Becomes Continuous -- Hybrid Simulations -- How Simulations Advance Time -- States and Events -- Designing a Simulation -- Deciding What's Important -- Needs Analysis -- Step-Wise Refinement -- Original System -- Observable Elements -- Data Gathering -- Conceptual Model -- Computer Implementation -- Sample Systems -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 6 Randomness -- What Does Randomness Mean? -- Randomness in Games: Dice, Cards -- Probability for Beginners -- Odds -- Probability Calculations -- Defining Randomness -- Measuring Randomness -- The Runs Test -- Generating Random Values -- True Random Numbers -- Random.org.

HotBits -- RandomNumbers.info -- Pseudorandom Numbers -- Advanced Pseudorandom Generators -- Simulating Reality and Intelligence -- Random Values as Principal Features -- Random Values as Background Features -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- References -- Sources of Random Numbers -- Other Resources -- Chapter 7 A Single Server Queuing System -- Queuing Systems -- System Analysis -- Needs Analysis -- Original System -- Observable Elements -- Obtainable Data -- Simulation Events -- Simulation Input Data -- Collectable Data -- Conceptual Model -- The Arrival Process -- Distributions -- Simulating Arrivals -- The Queue -- The Server -- The Simulation -- The Main Loop -- The Sequencing Set -- Arrivals -- The Queue -- Departures -- System Output -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 8 Visualization -- The Many Faces of Simulation Output -- Text -- Example 1: Simple Harmonic Motion Simulation -- Example 2: Single Server Queue -- Graphics -- 2D Graphics -- Graphs and Charts -- 3D Graphics -- Displaying 3D Meshes -- Animations -- What Is an Animation? -- Interactive Animations, Games, and Virtual Reality -- Sound -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 9 Verification and Validation -- What Is Verification and Validation in a Simulation or a Game? -- How Do We Know There's a Problem? -- Collecting Confi rming Data -- Verification -- Code Verification -- Solution Verification -- Validation -- Conceptual Model Validation -- Face Validity -- Internal Validity -- Event Validity -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Historical Validation -- Predictive Validation -- Extreme Condition/Degenerate Tests -- Validation and Verifi cation of Games -- Play Testing -- Effectiveness -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology.

References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 10 Sims and Games for Learning -- Design -- Simulation Design -- What Changes When the Simulation Is a Game? -- Choosing an Objective and Premise -- Research and Preparation -- Design Phase -- Player-Game Interface -- Gameplay and Game Mechanics -- Program Structure -- Evaluation of the Design -- Pre-Programming Phase -- Programming Phase -- Play Testing Phase -- Postmortem -- Gamified Simulation Design Process -- Instructional Design -- Bloom's Taxonomy -- The Systematic Design of Instruction -- The ADDIE Model -- Dick and Carey -- Morrison, Ross, and Kemp -- Agile Instructional Design -- Combining Instructional Design with Simulation and Game Design -- Beware the Decorative Media Trap -- Synergy: Serious Game Design -- Discovery -- Research and Preparation -- Design Phase -- Conceptual Model -- Operational Model -- Final Testing -- Serious Game Design Guidelines -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References -- Part III Designing and Building Simulations -- Chapter 11 Simulation Tools -- Game-Making Software -- GameMaker -- Example: Space Battle -- UDK: The Unreal Development Kit -- Greenfoot -- Example: Cannons -- Spreadsheet Games and Sims -- Example: Egg Money -- Example: Stalin's Dilemma -- Simulation SDKs -- GameMaker -- OpenModelica -- Example: Limited Bacterial Growth -- VisSim -- Example: Limited Bacterial Growth -- Simio -- Example: Single Server Queuing System -- ExtendSim -- Example: Single Server Queuing System -- Second Life - Simulating a World -- The Right Tool for the Job -- Summary -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 12 A Hospital Emergency Department (Single Server Queuing System II) -- Hospital Emergency Department -- System Analysis -- Reneging -- Triage: Two Priorities -- Tandem M/M/1 Queues -- Ambulance Entry: Jumping the Queue.

System Synthesis -- Implementation -- Implementation of Reneging -- Priority Queues -- Tandem Queues -- Ambulance Arrivals -- Completing the ED Simulation -- Verification and Validation -- Splitting Interarrival Times -- Reneging -- Priority Queues -- Tandem Queues -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 13 Boarding a Passenger Airliner (Decision Making) -- Aircraft Loading -- Microsimulation -- Microsimulation Solution to Loading Problems -- System Analysis -- System Synthesis -- Interference -- Aisle Seat Interference -- Middle Seat Interference -- Middle and Aisle Interference -- Aisle Interference -- Delays in the System -- Implementation -- The Simulation Framework -- The Passenger -- Waypoints and Paths -- States in the Simulation: The Finite State Machine -- Timing and Organization: The Agent -- Other Details -- Is a Passenger in the Way? -- Determining Seat Interference -- The Greenfoot Simulation -- Verification and Validation -- Summary -- Concepts -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 14 Cooking Simulation and Food Safety -- Discovery -- Choose Objective and Premise -- Task Analysis -- Identify Performance Gap -- Performance Objectives -- Research and Preparation -- Describe the Original System -- Identify the Observable Elements -- Gather Data -- Design Phase -- Instructional Design -- Gameplay and Game Mechanics -- Program Structure -- Evaluation of the Design -- Create Conceptual Model -- Gestalt: The Concept of Bread -- Ingredient Histories -- Bacterial Growth -- The Egg Salad Algorithm -- Create Operational Model -- Artistic Assets -- Animation -- Sound -- Programming Phase -- Testing -- Summary -- Terminology -- References, Notes, and Other Resources -- Chapter 15 The Stock Market (Serious Game) -- Discovery -- Choose Objective and Premise.

Task Analysis.