Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Glossary of Terms -- A Roma Folk-Tale: The Cup of Gold Coins -- Executive Summary -- Objectives of the Study -- Albanian Roma in a Regional Perspective -- Historical Background -- Methodology -- Findings -- Summary of Short-Term and Most Urgent Policy Recommendations -- 1. Introduction -- Objectives and Methodology. -- 2. Historical Background: The Diversity of Roma and Egyptians -- The Origins of Roma and Egyptians -- A Brief History of Albania -- The Interwar Period -- World War II -- The Socialist Era -- Transition -- Conclusion -- 3. Culture -- Language -- Expressions of Culture and Identity -- Family Ceremonies -- The Roma Fis -- Specific Roles of the Fis Leader -- Changes in the Social Organization of the Roma Fis over Time -- Conclusion -- 4. Marriage and Family Planning -- Formal and Informal Family-Planning Education -- Effects of Early Marriage and Childbearing -- Increasing Divorce Rates -- Conclusion -- 5. Income and Living Standards -- Household Income -- Household Expenditures -- Living Conditions -- Infrastructure -- Health and Health Care -- Conclusions -- 6. Education -- Decreasing Education Levels -- Barriers to Education -- Parents' Suggestions for Improving Education for Roma Children -- Conclusions -- 7. The Labor Market -- Traditional Socio-Occupational Identities -- Forms of Formal Labor -- Forms of Informal Labor -- Conclusion -- 8. Migration and Remmittances -- Origins of International Migration -- Host Countries and Regions -- Forms of International Migration -- Effects of International Migration -- Conclusion -- 9. Prostitution and Trafficking -- Prostitution -- Causes of Prostitution -- The Effects of Prostitution: Remittances and Social and Economic Costs -- Trafficking of Children -- Trafficking of Drugs -- Conclusion -- 10. Social Capital.

Definitions -- Cognitive Social Capital: Trust and Solidarity -- Structural Social Capital -- Implications of Social Capital -- Conclusion -- 11. Social Exclusion -- Albanian Roma Within a Regional Perspective -- Summary of Findings -- Causes of Social Exclusion Identified by Roma and Egyptians -- Definitions of Relative Poverty -- Factors Contributing to Uncertainty and Vulnerability -- Perceptions of Roma and Egyptians about Discrimination -- Perceptions of Albanians about Roma and Egyptians -- Ways of Addressing Social Exclusion According to Roma and Egyptians -- 12. Social Inclusion: Recommendations and Policy Implications -- Access to Public Goods and Services -- Market Opportunities and Employment -- Access to the Justice System -- Access to Information -- Safety and Security of Livelihoods -- Social Capital, Voice, and Participation -- Roma Cultural Centers as a Means for Social Inclusion -- Summary of Short-Term and Most Urgent Policy Recommendations -- APPENDIXES -- A. Working Definitions -- B. Questionnaire on Needs Assessment of Roma and Egyptian Communities in Albania -- C. Focus Group Discussions -- D. Statistical Data, Tables, Graphs, and Flowcharts -- E. More Voices of Albania -- F. Selected Albanian Roma and Egyptian NGOs and Contact Information -- G. The Patrilineal Kinship Structure of One Roma Fis -- H. National Minorities in Albania -- I. "The List" -- J. Community Profiles -- K. From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion -- L. Analytical Framework -- M. Conference Agenda -- N. Dissemination Conference Material -- Bibliography -- Materials Used in Desk Review -- Map -- LIST OF FIGURES -- 1. From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion-Analytical Framework -- 2. Distribution of Identified Poverty Categories among Roma, Egyptians, and Albanians -- 3.1. Characteristics that Distinguish Roma or Egyptian Culture from Albanian Culture.

6.1. Illiteracy Rates for Roma and Egyptians, by Gender and Age Group -- 7.1. Employment Sectors during Socialism for Roma, By Gender -- 7.2. Employment Sectors during Socialism for Egyptians, By Gender -- 8.1. Host Countries to Which Roma and Egyptians Migrate -- 8.2. Informal Labor Sectors for Roma and Egyptians Migrating Abroad -- 10.1. Trust of Roma and Egyptians in Their Neighbors -- 10.2. Trust of the Roma and Egyptian Communities in Roma and Egyptian Associations -- 11.1. Distribution of Identified Poverty Categories among Roma, Egyptians, and Albanians -- 11.2. Levels of Discrimination Experienced by Roma, According to District -- 11.3. Levels of Discrimination Experienced by Egyptians, According to District -- D.1. Education Structure for Roma, by Gender and Age Group -- D.2. Education Structure for Egyptians, by Gender and Age Group -- D.3. Reasons Why Children Do Not Go to School -- D.4. Main Employment Sectors for Roma and Egyptians During Transition -- D.5. International Migration of Egyptians by District -- D.6. International Migration of Roma by District -- D.7. Informal Labor Sectors for International Migrating Roma Fise -- D.8. Migration and Remittances as Poverty Trap -- D.9. Prostitution as a Downward Spiral into Poverty -- D.10. Children Are Obligated to Beg for Their Family, Roma, and Egyptians by District -- LIST OF TABLES -- 1. Distribution of Roma Population 1991-94 (thousands) -- 2. Estimated Population of Albanian Roma and Egyptians, by District -- 3. From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion Matrix of Exclusion Manifestations and Recommendations for Inclusion Policies and Actions -- 4. Summary of Short-Term and Most Urgent Policy Recommendations -- 4.1. Marriage Ages for Roma, Egyptians, and Total Albanian Population during Transition -- 4.2. Ages of Roma and Egyptians at Birth of Their First Child.

4.3. Average Roma and Egyptian Family Sizes, by Zone -- 5.1. Average Income through State Assistance for Roma and Egyptian Households (in percentages) -- 5.2. Average Monthly Household Expenditures for Roma and Egyptians (in US) -- 5.3. Surface Area of Homes, by Ethnicity -- 5.4. Type of Appliance/Furnishing Available to Roma and Egyptians, by Amount (quantity), and Ownership (percentage) -- 6.1. Illiteracy Rates and School Years Completed for Roma and Egyptians Ages 7-20, by District -- 8.1. Length and Cost for Initial Travel -- 8.2. The Role of Financial and Social Capital in the Different Stages of International Migration -- 9.1. Daily Income of Trafficked Children -- 11.1. Distribution of Roma Population 1991-94 (thousands) -- 11.2. Self-Assessment of Family's Socioeconomic Conditions -- 11.3. Albanian Perceptions of Roma/Egyptians -- 12.1. Summary of Short-Term and Most Urgent Policy Recommendations -- D.1. Monthly Income for Roma and Egyptian Households (US), by Source -- D.2. Surface Area of Homes, Total and Per Capita for Roma and Egyptians -- D.3. Illiteracy Rate and School Years Completed, by Age Group and Roma Fis -- D.4. Unemployment Rate Among Roma, Egyptians, and Total Population of Albania By Districts -- D.5. Structural Changes, Effects on Employment, and Impacts on Roma and Egyptians Over Time -- D.6. International Migration Rates per Districts -- D.7. Methods of Sending Earnings Home from Abroad.