Contents -- Preface -- PART 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is disease? -- 1.2 What evolution is: fundamental principles -- 1.3 Time -- 1.4 Constraints -- 1.5 We are not alone -- 1.6 How evolutionary arguments fit alongside other biological perspectives -- 1.7 Evolution and medicine -- Key points -- Further reading -- 2 Evolutionary theory -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 What does evolutionary theory explain? -- 2.3 How does evolution work? -- 2.4 Areas of debate and the limitations of adaptationist argument -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- 3 The molecular basis of variation and inheritance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Molecular basis of human genetic variation -- 3.3 How different are any two individual genomes? -- 3.4 Factors affecting variation -- 3.5 From genotype to phenotype -- 3.6 Why hasn't selection eliminated monogenic disease from the population? -- 3.7 No single genes for common diseases -- 3.8 Non-genetic inheritance -- 3.9 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- 4 Evolution and development -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Development: pre-ordained or plastic? -- 4.3 Is development important? -- 4.4 Developmental plasticity -- 4.5 Responses to environmental cues during development -- 4.6 Epigenetic mechanisms -- 4.7 Intergenerational effects -- 4.8 Learning and instinct -- 4.9 Evolution of novelty -- 4.10 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- 5 Evolution of life histories -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General overview of life history theory -- 5.3 Body size and shape -- 5.4 Growth in humans -- 5.5 Evolutionary analysis of the distinct features of human growth -- 5.6 Conclusion: interpreting the human life history -- Key points -- Further reading -- 6 Human evolution and the origins of human diversity -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The hominoid clade -- 6.3 Hominin evolution.

6.4 Human adaptation to local selection pressures -- 6.5 Are humans still evolving? -- 6.6 Social implications of human diversity -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- PART 2 UNDERSTANDING HUMAN DISEASE FROM AN EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE -- 7 Reproduction -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sexual reproduction -- 7.3 Why did sex evolve? -- 7.4 Sex determination -- 7.5 Reproductive strategies -- 7.6 Mate choice -- 7.7 Sexual differences in the human -- 7.8 Gender differences in morbidity and mortality -- 7.9 The human reproductive cycle -- 7.10 Conclusion: reproduction and evolution -- Key points -- Further reading -- 8 Nutritional and metabolic adaptation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Strategies for energy storage -- 8.3 Human diet: an evolutionary history -- 8.4 How can change in the environment increase disease risk? -- 8.5 Does evolutionary novelty explain current patterns of metabolic disease and obesity? -- 8.6 A developmental perspective: the missing link? -- 8.7 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- 9 Defence -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Predation and conspecific violence -- 9.3 Dealing with infection -- 9.4 Other threats -- 9.5 Injury -- 9.6 Sleep and repair -- 9.7 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- 10 Social organization and behaviour -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biological determinants of culture and behaviour -- 10.3 Evolution of human brain and behaviour -- 10.4 Evolution of social behaviour -- 10.5 Evolutionary perspectives on psychology -- 10.6 Evolutionary psychiatry -- 10.7 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- PART 3 AN EVOLUTIONARY FRAMEWORK FOR HEALTH AND DISEASE -- 11 Evolutionary principles applied to medical practice -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fundamental principles of evolutionary medicine -- 11.3 Why has evolution left our bodies vulnerable to disease?.

11.4 An evolutionary classification of ultimate mechanisms affecting disease risk -- 11.5 Cultural evolution and disease -- 11.6 Evolutionary perspectives and cancer -- 11.7 Understanding disease from an evolutionary perspective -- 11.8 Implications for prevention and therapy -- 11.9 The challenges of an evolutionary perspective in medicine -- 11.10 Conclusion -- Key points -- Further reading -- 12 Coda: evolution, medicine, and society -- 12.1 Society and evolution -- 12.2 Religion and evolution -- 12.3 Social Darwinism, eugenics, and political thought -- 12.4 Research directions -- 12.5 The future of Homo sapiens -- Further reading -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.