Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Table of treaties and declarations -- Table of cases -- International Court of Justice -- European Court of Human Rights -- European Commission of Human Rights -- Inter-American Court of Human Rights -- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia -- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda -- European Court of Justice -- Human Rights Committee -- Committee against Torture -- Mexican General Claims Commission -- National Courts -- Table of other documents -- Human Rights Committee -- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights -- Committee against Torture -- UN Security Council -- UN General Assembly -- UN Commission on Human Rights -- UN Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities -- UN High Commissioner fo Human Rights -- UN Secretary-General -- Human Rights Division of the United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) -- International Law Commission -- General Assembly of the Organization of American States -- Other -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- PART 1 THE NORMATIVE GAP -- 1 Legal restraints on armed opposition groups as such -- Common Article 3 and Protocol II -- Treaty law -- Origin of the obligations of armed groups under inter-state treaties -- Customary law -- Origin of the obligations of armed groups under customary law -- Other rules of humanitarian law -- Multilateral treaties -- Special agreements -- Customary law -- Diminishing relevance of the distinction between international and internal conflicts -- Human rights law -- Practice denying the applicability of human rights treaties to armed opposition groups -- Practice asserting the applicability of human rights treaties to armed opposition groups -- Special agreements.

Towards a reconceptualization of human rights? -- International criminal law -- 2 Substantive obligations of armed opposition groups as such -- Humane treatment of prisoners -- Fundamental guarantees -- Prosecution -- Protection of civilians -- General protection of civilians and civilian objects -- Land mines -- Starvation -- Reprisals -- Underdevelopment of the law -- PART 2 THE ACCOUNTABILITY GAP -- 3 Accountability of group leaders -- Crimes -- War crimes -- Crimes against humanity -- Genocide -- Command responsibility of group leaders -- Ordering crimes -- Command responsibility proper -- Civilian leaders -- Criteria fo accountability of group leaders -- Control and authority -- Knowledge -- Ability to prevent or punish -- Limited prospects for prosecution -- 4 Accountability of armed opposition groups as such -- Evidence for accountability of armed opposition groups -- Common Article 3 and Protocol II -- Other rules of humanitarian law -- Human rights treaties -- Conclusion -- Attributing acts to armed opposition groups -- Successful armed opposition groups -- Finding a suitable forum -- 5 Accountability of the state for acts of armed opposition groups -- Applicable law -- Human rights treaties -- Common Article 3 and Protocol II -- Other international humanitarian law treaties -- International criminal law treaties -- The obligation of the state to take action -- Legislation -- Precautions against attacks by armed groups -- Prosecution -- Amnesty -- The pertinence of territorial control -- Human rights treaties -- Temporary impossibility of the operation of human rights treaties -- Suspension of treaties -- Force majeure -- Humanitarian law treaties -- International criminal law treaty -- 6 The quest for accountability -- Group versus individual accountability -- Group versus state accountability -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Index.