CONTENTS -- Acknowledgements -- A Note on Language and Sources -- Introduction -- Research on Islam and Muslims in Germany/Europe-A Brief Outline -- Individualization of Religiosity -- Issues and Perspectives -- Conceptualization -- Islam as a Discursive Tradition -- Community -- Crafting the Self -- Social Identity and Group Dynamics -- Outline -- 1 Situating the Field and Methodological Reflections -- Introducing MJD: A New Generation of Muslims -- MJD's Beginnings -- The Structure of MJD -- Profile of the Participants -- Local and National Connections -- Coming Out in Public: The Scandal -- Methodology: The Art of Fieldwork -- Entering the Field -- Making Use of Situational Analysis -- The Social Position of the Fieldworker -- Conducting Fieldwork in an Atmosphere of Mistrust -- Who Is the Researcher? -- Who Are the Listeners? -- Suspending Judgment -- As Way of Conclusion: On Conducting Fieldwork -- 2 Making Sense of the City: The Religious Spaces of Young Muslim Women in Berlin -- Introducing Berlin -- Changing Sociological Landscapes -- City Spaces Phase 1: The Arrival of Non-European Guest Workers in Berlin -- The Socio-Historical Situation of Migrants from the Middle East -- City Spaces Phase 2: Ethnic Businesses and Infrastructure -- City Spaces Phase 3: "Immigrants" and "Turks" Become "Muslims" -- Religion and the Urban -- Structuring Islamic Communities -- Mosques: Contested Religious Spaces -- Identification with Religious Spaces -- Ethnicity-Based Religious Spaces -- The Reputation of Religious Spaces -- Teaching and Presentation Style of Religious Spaces -- Making Sense of Religious Spaces in the City -- 3 Negotiating, Resisting and (Re)Constructing Othering -- The Occidental and Oriental Other -- The Role of the Other in Constructing the Nation -- Migrants Entering the European Nation-State: The Cultural Other.

Migrants Born in Germany: The Religious Other -- Looking at the Headscarf -- The Tactics of Muslim Women -- The Joking Tactic -- The Rehearsal Tactic -- The Normalization Tactic -- Politics of Representation -- The Corrective Tactics -- The Headscarf as Social Capital -- Contesting Representations -- 4 Crafting the Religious Individual in a Faith Community -- A Religious Ethos -- The Religious Body -- Objectification and De-Culturalization of Religion -- Knowledge Formation in MJD -- Distinguishing between Culture and Religion -- Merging Internal Motivation and External Motions -- Practicing How to Desire Correctly -- Acquiring an Islamic Character -- Submission to God -- Cultivation of a Religious State of Mind: Formation of the Unfree Subject? -- 5 Trajectories of Religious Acts and Desires: Bargaining with Religious Norms and Ideals -- Defining Religious Agency -- Situating Social Behavior in a Discursive Tradition -- Positioning Behavior as Religious -- The Religious Subject -- Trajectories of Religious Acts -- Trajectory 1: Effort -- Trajectory 2: Exception -- Trajectory 3: Contesting Knowledge -- Trajectory 4: Using Multiple References -- Pluralization of Religious Acts and Behavior -- Alteration of Acceptable Performances -- (Per)forming the Religious Self -- Individualization of Religious Identity? -- 6 Making a Religious Gender Order -- Making Gender through Religion -- The Virtuous Female Body -- Ideals of Gender Relations: Complementarity versus Equality -- Creating Gendered Religious Spaces -- The Corrections -- Finding a Suitable Husband -- Halal Dating -- Female Emancipation through Religion? -- Reconfiguration of Authority -- An Alternative Space -- 7 The Meanings of and Incentives for a Religious Identification -- Why are we Asking Why? -- The Question of Why: External Social and Cultural Context.

Being with Others like Themselves: Socio-Cultural Background -- The Question of Difference: Three Sisters with Different Desires -- The Question of Why: Incorporating Religious Experiences -- Being with Others like Themselves: Lifestyle Orientation -- Being with Others like Themselves: Forms of Religiosity -- Being with Others like Themselves: Sharing Experiences of Self-Transcendence -- Variations in Religious Careers -- Taking Religiosity Seriously -- Conclusion -- Being a Modern Muslim Youth -- Religion as a Modern Urban Identity -- Politics of the Religious Self -- Appendix I: Situating the Movements Studied within the Wider Islamic Field in Germany -- A Brief Overview of the Three Main Organizations in This Study -- Muslimische Jugend in Deutschland e.V -- The Islamische Kultur und Erziehungszentrum Berlin e.V -- Al Nur-Mosque -- Overview of Selected Islamic organizations in Germany and Berlin -- Bibliography -- Index.