Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgments -- Prologue -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 What Is Luminescence? -- 1.2 A Brief History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence -- 1.2.1 Early Observations -- 1.2.2 On the Distinction between Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Decay Time Measurements -- 1.2.3 The Perrin-Jablonski Diagram -- 1.2.4 Fluorescence Polarization -- 1.2.5 Resonance Energy Transfer -- 1.2.6 Early Applications of Fluorescence -- 1.3 Photoluminescence of Organic and Inorganic Species: Fluorescence or Phosphorescence? -- 1.4 Various De-Excitation Processes of Excited Molecules -- 1.5 Fluorescent Probes, Indicators, Labels, and Tracers -- 1.6 Ultimate Temporal and Spatial Resolution: Femtoseconds, Femtoliters, Femtomoles, and Single-Molecule Detection -- General Bibliography: Monographs and Books -- Part I: Principles -- 2: Absorption of Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-Infrared Radiation -- 2.1 Electronic Transitions -- 2.2 Transition Probabilities: The Beer-Lambert Law, Oscillator Strength -- 2.3 Selection Rules -- 2.4 The Franck-Condon Principle -- 2.5 Multiphoton Absorption and Harmonic Generation -- Bibliography -- 3: Characteristics of Fluorescence Emission -- 3.1 Radiative and Nonradiative Transitions between Electronic States -- 3.1.1 Internal Conversion -- 3.1.2 Fluorescence -- 3.1.3 Intersystem Crossing and Subsequent Processes -- 3.2 Lifetimes and Quantum Yields -- 3.2.1 Excited-State Lifetimes -- 3.2.2 Quantum Yields -- 3.2.3 Effect of Temperature -- 3.3 Emission and Excitation Spectra -- 3.3.1 Steady-State Fluorescence Intensity -- 3.3.2 Emission Spectra -- 3.3.3 Excitation Spectra -- 3.3.4 Stokes Shift -- Bibliography -- 4: Structural Effects on Fluorescence Emission.

4.1 Effects of the Molecular Structure of Organic Molecules on Their Fluorescence -- 4.1.1 Extent of the π-Electron System: Nature of the Lowest-Lying Transition -- 4.1.2 Substituted Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 4.1.3 Heterocyclic Compounds -- 4.1.4 Compounds Undergoing Photoinduced ICT and Internal Rotation -- 4.2 Fluorescence of Conjugated Polymers (CPs) -- 4.3 Luminescence of Carbon Nanostructures: Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Dots -- 4.4 Luminescence of Metal Compounds, Metal Complexes, and Metal Clusters -- 4.5 Luminescence of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (Quantum Dots and Quantum Rods) -- Bibliography -- 5: Environmental Effects on Fluorescence Emission -- 5.1 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Band Broadening - Red-Edge Effects -- 5.2 General Considerations on Solvent Effects -- 5.3 Solvent Relaxation Subsequent to Photoinduced Charge Transfer (PCT) -- 5.4 Theory of Solvatochromic Shifts -- 5.5 Effects of Specific Interactions -- 5.5.1 Effects of Hydrogen Bonding on Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra -- 5.5.2 Examples of Effects of Specific Interactions -- 5.5.3 Polarity-Induced Inversion of n−π* and π−π* States -- 5.6 Empirical Scales of Solvent Polarity -- 5.6.1 Scales Based on Solvatochromic Shifts -- 5.6.2 Scale Based on Polarity-Induced Changes in Vibronic Bands (Py Scale) -- 5.7 Viscosity Effects -- 5.7.1 What is Viscosity? Significance at a Microscopic Level -- 5.7.2 Viscosity Effect on the Fluorescence of Molecules Undergoing Internal Rotations -- 5.8 Fluorescence in Solid Matrices at Low Temperature -- 5.8.1 Shpol'skii Spectroscopy -- 5.8.2 Matrix Isolation Spectroscopy -- 5.8.3 Site-Selection Spectroscopy -- 5.9 Fluorescence in Gas Phase: Supersonic Jets -- Bibliography -- 6: Effects of Intermolecular Photophysical Processes on Fluorescence Emission -- 6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Overview of the Intermolecular De-Excitation Processes of Excited Molecules Leading to Fluorescence Quenching -- 6.2.1 Phenomenological Approach -- 6.2.2 Dynamic Quenching -- 6.2.3 Static Quenching -- 6.2.4 Simultaneous Dynamic and Static Quenching -- 6.2.5 Quenching of Heterogeneously Emitting Systems -- 6.3 Photoinduced Electron Transfer -- 6.4 Formation of Excimers and Exciplexes -- 6.4.1 Excimers -- 6.4.2 Exciplexes -- 6.5 Photoinduced Proton Transfer -- 6.5.1 General Equations for Deprotonation in the Excited State -- 6.5.2 Determination of the Excited-State pK* -- 6.5.3 pH Dependence of Absorption and Emission Spectra -- 6.5.4 Equations for Bases Undergoing Protonation in the Excited State -- Bibliography -- 7: Fluorescence Polarization: Emission Anisotropy -- 7.1 Polarized Light and Photoselection of Absorbing Molecules -- 7.2 Characterization of the Polarization State of Fluorescence (Polarization Ratio and Emission Anisotropy) -- 7.2.1 Excitation by Polarized Light -- 7.2.2 Excitation by Natural Light -- 7.3 Instantaneous and Steady-State Anisotropy -- 7.3.1 Instantaneous Anisotropy -- 7.3.2 Steady-State Anisotropy -- 7.4 Additivity Law of Anisotropy -- 7.5 Relation between Emission Anisotropy and Angular Distribution of the Emission Transition Moments -- 7.6 Case of Motionless Molecules with Random Orientation -- 7.6.1 Parallel Absorption and Emission Transition Moments -- 7.6.2 Nonparallel Absorption and Emission Transition Moments -- 7.6.3 Multiphoton Excitation -- 7.7 Effect of Rotational Motion -- 7.7.1 Free Rotations -- 7.7.2 Hindered Rotations -- 7.8 Applications -- Bibliography -- 8: Excitation Energy Transfer -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Distinction between Radiative and Nonradiative Transfer -- 8.3 Radiative Energy Transfer -- 8.4 Nonradiative Energy Transfer -- 8.4.1 Interactions Involved in Nonradiative Energy Transfer.

8.4.2 The Three Main Classes of Coupling -- 8.4.3 Förster's Formulation of Long-Range Dipole-Dipole Transfer (Very Weak Coupling) -- 8.4.4 Dexter's Formulation of Exchange Energy Transfer (Very Weak Coupling) -- 8.4.5 Selection Rules -- 8.5 Determination of Distances at a Supramolecular Level Using FRET -- 8.5.1 Single Distance between the Donor and the Acceptor -- 8.5.2 Distributions of Distances in Donor-Acceptor Pairs -- 8.5.3 Single Molecule Studies -- 8.5.4 On the Validity of Förster's Theory for the Estimation of Distances -- 8.6 FRET in Ensembles of Donors and Acceptors -- 8.6.1 FRET in Three Dimensions: Effect of Viscosity -- 8.6.2 Effects of Dimensionality on FRET -- 8.6.3 Effects of Restricted Geometries on FRET -- 8.7 FRET between Like Molecules: Excitation Energy Migration in Assemblies of Chromophores -- 8.7.1 FRET within a Pair of Like Chromophores -- 8.7.2 FRET in Assemblies of Like Chromophores -- 8.7.3 Lack of Energy Transfer upon Excitation at the Red Edge of the Absorption Spectrum (Weber's Red-Edge Effect) -- 8.8 Overview of Qualitative and Quantitative Applications of FRET -- Bibliography -- Part II: Techniques -- 9: Steady-State Spectrofluorometry -- 9.1 Operating Principles of a Spectrofluorometer -- 9.2 Correction of Excitation Spectra -- 9.3 Correction of Emission Spectra -- 9.4 Measurement of Fluorescence Quantum Yields -- 9.5 Possible Artifacts in Spectrofluorometry -- 9.5.1 Inner Filter Effects -- 9.5.2 Autofluorescence -- 9.5.3 Polarization Effects -- 9.5.4 Effect of Oxygen -- 9.5.5 Photobleaching Effect -- 9.6 Measurement of Steady-State Emission Anisotropy: Polarization Spectra -- 9.6.1 Principles of Measurement -- 9.6.2 Possible Artifacts -- 9.6.3 Tests Prior to Fluorescence Polarization Measurements7) -- Appendix 9.A Elimination of Polarization Effects in the Measurement of Fluorescence Intensity -- Bibliography.

10: Time-Resolved Fluorescence Techniques -- 10.1 Basic Equations of Pulse and Phase-Modulation Fluorimetries -- 10.1.1 Pulse Fluorimetry -- 10.1.2 Phase-Modulation Fluorimetry -- 10.1.3 Relationship between Harmonic Response and δ-Pulse Response -- 10.1.4 General Relations for Single Exponential and MultiExponential Decays -- 10.2 Pulse Fluorimetry -- 10.2.1 Light Sources -- 10.2.2 Single-Photon Timing Technique (10 ps-500 µs) -- 10.2.3 Streak Camera (1 ps-10 ns) -- 10.2.4 Fluorescence Upconversion (0.1-500 ps) -- 10.2.5 Optical Kerr-Gating (0.1-500 ps) -- 10.3 Phase-Modulation Fluorimetry -- 10.3.1 Introduction -- 10.3.2 Phase Fluorimeters Using a Continuous Light Source and an Electro-Optic Modulator -- 10.3.3 Phase Fluorimeters Using the Harmonic Content of a Pulsed Laser -- 10.4 Artifacts in Time-Resolved Fluorimetry -- 10.4.1 Inner Filter Effects -- 10.4.2 Dependence of the Instrument Response on Wavelength - Color Effect -- 10.4.3 Polarization Effects -- 10.4.4 Effects of Light Scattering -- 10.5 Data Analysis -- 10.5.1 Pulse Fluorimetry -- 10.5.2 Phase-Modulation Fluorimetry -- 10.5.3 Judging the Quality of the Fit -- 10.5.4 Global Analysis -- 10.5.5 Fluorescence Decays with Underlying Distributions of Decay Times -- 10.6 Lifetime Standards -- 10.7 Time-Resolved Polarization Measurements -- 10.7.1 General Equations for Time-Dependent Anisotropy and Polarized Components -- 10.7.2 Pulse Fluorimetry -- 10.7.3 Phase-Modulation Fluorimetry -- 10.7.4 Reference Compounds for Time-Resolved Fluorescence Anisotropy Measurements -- 10.8 Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectra -- 10.9 Lifetime-Based Decomposition of Spectra -- 10.10 Comparison between Single-Photon Timing Fluorimetry and Phase-Modulation Fluorimetry -- Bibliography -- 11: Fluorescence Microscopy -- 11.1 Wide-Field (Conventional), Confocal, and Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopies.

11.1.1 Wide-Field (Conventional) Fluorescence Microscopy.