BIOENERGETICS -- BIOENERGETICS -- Contents -- Preface -- ATP at a Crossroads: Cell Life or Death? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Cell ATP Production by Mitochondria: Mechanism, Regulation, Deficiency -- 1.1. The Structure of Mitochondria -- 1.2. Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 1.3. Control of Both Respiration and ATP Synthesis -- 1.4. Compensatory Mechanisms of Deficiencies in Oxidative Phosphorylation -- A new 'dress' for L-lactate -- 1.5. The Role of Mitochondrial Permeability in the Cellular Respiration -- 1.6. Inhibitors and Uncouplers of Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 1.7. Events to the Oxidative Phosphorylation -- 1.8. Conclusions -- 2. Two Types of Death: Apoptosis and Necrosis -- 2.1. Morphological and Biochemical Differences between Apoptosis and Necrosis -- 2.2. ATP as an Intracellular Determinant of Cell Death by Apoptosis versus Necrosis -- 2.3. ATP-Requiring Steps in Apoptosis -- 3. Cerebellar Granule Cells in Culture: A Versatile Cell System to Study Both Apoptosis and Necrosis -- 3.1. Mitochondria and Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity -- 3.2. Mitochondria and Low-K+ Induced Apoptosis. -- 3.2.1. Cyt c drives ATP synthesis and export into the extramitochondrial phase. -- 3.2.2. Mitochondrial oxidative phophorylation efficiency -- 3.2.3. ATP production and level -- 3.2.3.1. L-Lactate mitochondrial metabolism in CGCs undergoing apoptosis -- 3.2.3.2. The dual role of the mitochondrial ANT in apoptosis -- 3.2.3.3. ANT is target of a toxic Tau fragment in Alzheimer's disease -- Conclusion -- References -- Bioenergetics of Closed Ecological Systems: Effects of Carbon Sources -- Abstract -- 1.0. Introduction -- 1.1. Closed Ecological Systems as Research Tools -- 1.2. Bioenergetics of Aquatic Communities -- 1.3. Why Study Carbon Sources? -- 1.4. Previous CES Research in my Laboratory -- 1.5. Questions Being Addressed Here.

2.0. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Sources of Materials -- 2.2. Construction of the Closed Ecological Systems -- 2.3. Instrumentation -- 2.4. Measurements -- 2.5. Experimental Designs -- 2.6. Statistical Analyses -- 3.0. Results -- 3.1. Experiment 1: Test of Cellulose as a Carbon Source -- 3.2. Experiment 2: Comparison of NaHCO3 and Cellulose as Carbon Sources -- 3.3. Experiment 3: Effects of Grazers on O2, CO2, and in- vivo Fluorescence -- 3.3.1. Ungrazed CES -- 3.3.2. Grazed CES -- 3. 4. Experiment 4: Effects of Varying all Nutrient Concentrations (B and B/4) and Varying Carbon Source (NaHCO3, Cellulose, No-Added-Carbon) on Daphnia Populations, O2, and DIC -- 3.5. Experiment 5: Cellulose and Light Intensity -- 3.6. Experiment 6: Test of Closure and Head Space on O2/CO2 Relationships -- 3.7. Other Miscellaneous Tests of Gas Production -- 4.0. Discussion -- 4.1. Biological Interactions -- 4.2. The Carbon Cycle -- 4.2.1. Carbon sources -- 4.2.2. Dissolved inorganic carbon behavior -- 4.3. Oxygen Cycles -- 4.4. Bioenergetics -- 4.5. Suggestions for CES Development -- 5. Conclusion -- 5.1. CesESs Can bBe Used to Study O2/CO2 Cycles -- 5.2. Better Equipment Would Facilitate Bioenergetic Estimations -- Acknowledgments -- Reviewers -- References -- The Role of Mitochondria in the Glucose Metabolism -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. How to Study Metabolite Transport and Metabolism in Mitochondria -- 1.1. Swelling -- 1.2. Intramitochondrial Cofactor Redox State Changes -- 1.3. Isotopic Techniques -- 1.4. Overexpression, Purification and Reconstitution Studies -- 1.5. The Metabolite Detecting Systems -- 2. The Metabolite Transport Paradigm -- 2.1. The Contribution of the Substrate Detecting System to Elucidate the Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and to Confirm the Metabolite Transport Paradigm and the Mitochondrial Microcompartmentation.

3. How to Measure the Rate of the Carrier Mediated Transport -- 4. Glucose Metabolism and Mitochondria -- 4.1. Mitochondrial Shuttles -- 4.1.1. The Dihydroxyacetone phosphate/glycerol-3-phosphate and the malate/aspartate shuttles -- 4.1.2. The Malate/oxaloacetate shuttle -- 4.1.3. The L-lactate/pyruvate shuttle -- 4.2. New Achievements in Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) Energy Metabolism -- 4.3. New Achievements in Lactate Isomer Energy Metabolism -- 4.3.1.1. L-lactate synthesis and metabolism -- 4.3.1.2. L-lactate translocators -- 4.3.1.3. L-lactate as a signalling molecule -- 4.3.2.1. D-lactate synthesis and metabolism -- 4.3.2.2. D-lactate translocators -- References -- Mitochondrial Dysfunction Produced by Zn (II) or Selenite: A Comparison with Cd (II) and Ca (II) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Chemicals -- Preparation of Rat Liver Mitochondria -- Mitochondrial Function Assays -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- References -- Extramitochondrial Aerobic Metabolism in Retinal Rod Outer Segment Disks -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Materials -- Purified bovine OS preparations -- Osmotically intact OS disk preparations -- Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis (2-DE) -- Protein Identification by MALDI-TOF MS Analysis -- Protein Identification by nlC-ESI-MS/MS -- ATP synthesis assay -- Oxygraphic measurements -- Krebs cycle enzyme assays -- TEM microscopy -- Retinal Mitochondria-Enriched Preparations -- Standard Procedures -- Results -- Functional Classification of the Protein Expressed in Disks -- ATP Synthesis by Rod Disks -- Mg ATP-Ase in Rod OS -- Intact Disks Consume Oxygen -- TCA Cycle Enzyme Assays -- Conclusion -- References -- Bioenergetics and Male Infertility: From Basic Science to Clinical Andrology -- Abstract -- Introduction.

Sperm Mitochondria: Functions and (Changing) Paradigms -- Human Sperm Metabolism and Bioenergetics -- The Value of Sperm Bionergetics for Clinical Andrology -- Conclusion -- References -- Identification of Specific Mitochondrial Proteins Forming Stable Adducts with 4-Hydroxynonenal within Cardiac Tissue of Type-I Diabetic Animals: Implications for Bioenergetics Dysfunction and Onset of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy# -- Abstract -- Introduction -- HNE Formation -- HNE and Diseases -- HNE and Diabetes -- Diabetic Cardiomyopathy -- Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Is There a Role for the Mitochondrion? -- Proteomics Approach -- Conclusion -- 1Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Simultaneous Fluorescence and Reflection Confocal Microscopy Study of Living Osteoblast Bioenergetics as a Tool for the Design of Surface Topography of Dental Implants# -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Osseointegration -- 2. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy in Dental Material Research -- 2.1. Confocal Principles -- 2.2. Backscattered Light Imaging -- 3. Confocal Backscattered Mode for Dental Implants Surface Characterization -- 3.1. Dental Implants Surface Characterization -- 4. Combined Fluorescence and Backscattered CLSM for the Asessment of Osteoblast Adhesion to Dental Implants -- 4.1. Cell Adhesion -- 4.2. CLSM of Osteoblasts Adhesion to Implant Surface -- 4.3. CLSM of Living Osteoblasts -- 4.4. Time-Lapse Studies -- 4.5. Osteoblast Migration and Adhesion -- 5. Combined Fluorescence and Backscattered Modes for the Study of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Living Osteoblasts Grown on Dental Implants -- 5.1. Mechanotransduction -- 5.2. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics: MMP -- 5.3. Image Collection and Analysis for Δψm -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Methodological Approaches -- A.1. Test Substrates -- A.2. Cell Culture -- A.3.Cytoskeletal Organization.

A.4. Mitochondrial Permeability Potential -- A.5. Statistical Analysis -- References -- Screening and Studying Photosynthetic Mutants: Basics and Beyond -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods for Creating Mutants -- Alternative Pathways -- Methods for Screening Mutants -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.