Microfluidics for Biotechnology Second Edition -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Dimensionless Numbers in Microfluidics -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Microfluidic Scales -- 1.3 Buckingham's Pi Theorem -- 1.4 Scaling Numbers and Characteristic Scales -- 1.4.1 Micro- to Nanoscales -- 1.4.2 Hydrodynamic Characteristic Times -- 1.4.3 Newtonian Fluids -- 1.4.4 Non-Newtonian Fluids -- 1.4.5 Droplets and Digital Microfluidics -- 1.4.6 Multiphysics -- 1.4.7 Specific Dimensionless Numbers and Composite Groups -- References -- Chapter 2 Microflows -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 On the Importance of Microfluidics in Biotechnology -- 2.1.2 From Single Continuous Flow to Droplets -- 2.2 Single-Phase Microflows -- 2.2.1 Navier-Stokes (NS) Equations -- 2.2.2 Non-Newtonian Rheology -- 2.2.3 Laminarity of Microflows -- 2.2.4 Stokes Equation -- 2.2.5 Hagen-Poiseuille Flow -- 2.2.6 Pressure Drop and Friction Factor -- 2.2.7 Bernoulli's Approach -- 2.2.8 Modeling: Lumped Parameters Model -- 2.2.9 Microfluidic Networks: Worked Example 1-Microfluidic Flow Inside a Microneedle -- 2.2.10 Microfluidic Networks: Worked Example 2-Plasma Extraction from Blood -- 2.2.11 Hydrodynamic Entrance Length: Establishment of the Flow -- 2.2.12 Distributing a Uniform Flow into a Microchamber -- 2.2.13 The Example of a Protein Reactor -- 2.2.14 Recirculation Regions -- 2.2.15 Inertial Effects at Medium Reynolds Numbers: Dean Flow -- 2.2.16 Microflows in Flat Channels: Helle-Shaw Flows -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Interfaces, Capillarity, and Microdrops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Interfaces and Surface Tension -- 3.2.1 The Notion of Interface -- 3.2.2 Surface Tension -- 3.3 Laplace Law and Applications -- 3.3.1 Curvature Radius and Laplace's Law -- 3.3.2 Examples of the Application of Laplace's Law -- 3.4 Partial or Total Wetting.

3.5 Contact Angle: Young's Law -- 3.5.1 Young's Law -- 3.5.2 Young's Law for Two Liquids and a Solid -- 3.5.3 Generalization of Young's Law-Neumann's Construction -- 3.6 Capillary Force and Force on a Triple Line -- 3.6.1 Introduction -- 3.6.2 Capillary Force Between Two Parallel Plates -- 3.6.3 Capillary Rise in a Tube-Jurin's Law -- 3.6.4 Capillary Rise Between Two Parallel Vertical Plates -- 3.6.5 Capillary Pumping -- 3.6.6 Force on a Triple Line -- 3.6.7 Examples of Capillary Forces in Microsystems -- 3.7 Pinning and Canthotaxis -- 3.7.1 Theory -- 3.7.2 Pinning of an Interface Between Pillars -- 3.7.3 Droplet Pinning on a Surface Defect -- 3.7.4 Pinning of a Microdroplet-Quadruple Contact Line -- 3.7.5 Pinning in Microwells -- 3.8 Microdrops -- 3.8.1 Shape of Microdrops -- 3.8.2 Drops on Inhomogeneous Surfaces -- 3.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Digital, Two-Phase, and Droplet Microfluidics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Digital Microfluidics -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Theory of Electrowetting -- 4.2.3 EWOD Microsystems -- 4.2.4 Conclusion -- 4.3 Multiphase Microflows -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Droplet and Plug Flow in Microchannels -- 4.3.3 Dynamic Contact Angle -- 4.3.4 Hysteresis of the Static Contact Angle -- 4.3.5 Interface and Meniscus -- 4.3.6 Microflow Blocked by Plugs -- 4.3.7 Two-Phase Flow Pressure Drop -- 4.3.8 Microbubbles -- 4.3.9 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 4.3.10 Example of Three-Phase Flow in a Microchannel: Droplet Engulfment -- 4.4 Droplet Microfluidics -- 4.4.1 Introduction: Flow Focusing Devices (FFD) and T-Junctions -- 4.4.2 T-Junctions -- 4.4.3 Micro Flow Focusing Devices (MFFD) -- 4.4.4 Highly Viscous Fluids-Encapsulation -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Diffusion of Biochemical Species -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Brownian Motion -- 5.3 Macroscopic Approach: Concentration -- 5.3.1 Fick's Law.

5.3.2 Concentration Equation -- 5.3.3 Spreading from a Point Source - 1D Case -- 5.3.4 Semi-Infinite Space: Ilkovic's Solution -- 5.3.5 Example of Diffusion Between Two Plates -- 5.3.6 Radial Diffusion -- 5.3.7 Diffusion Inside a Microchamber -- 5.3.8 Diffusion Inside a Capillary: The Example of Simultaneous PCRs -- 5.3.9 Particle Size Limit: Diffusion or Sedimentation -- 5.4 Microscopic (Discrete) Approach -- 5.4.1 Monte Carlo Method -- 5.4.2 Diffusion in Confined Volumes: Drug Diffusion in the Human Body -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Transport of Biochemical Species andCellular Microfluidics -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Advection-Diffusion Equation -- 6.2.1 Governing Equation for Transport -- 6.2.3 Boundary Conditions -- 6.2.4 Coupling with Hydrodynamics -- 6.2.5 Physical Properties as a Function of the Concentration of the Species -- 6.2.6 Dimensional Analysis and Peclet Number -- 6.2.7 Concentration Boundary Layer -- 6.2.8 Numerical Considerations -- 6.2.9 Taylor-Aris Approach -- 6.2.10 Distance of Capture in a Capillary -- 6.2.11 Determination of the Diffusion Coefficient -- 6.3 Trajectory Calculation -- 6.3.1 Trajectories of Particles in a Microflow -- 6.3.2 Ballistic Random Walk (BRW) -- 6.4 Separation/Purification of Bioparticles -- 6.4.1 The Principle of Field Flow Fractionation (FFF) -- 6.4.2 Chromatography Columns -- 6.5 Cellular Microfluidics -- 6.5.1 Flow Focusing -- 6.5.2 Pinched Channel Microsystems -- 6.5.3 Deterministic Arrays-Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) -- 6.5.4 Lift Forces on Particles -- 6.5.5 Dean Flows in Curved Microchannels -- 6.5.6 Bifurcation Channels -- 6.5.7 Recirculation Chambers -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Biochemical Reactions in Biochips -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 From the Principle of Biorecognition to the Development of Biochips -- 7.2.1 Introduction to Biorecognition.

7.2.2 Biorecognition -- 7.2.3 Biochip Technology -- 7.3 Biochemical Reactions -- 7.3.1 Rate of Reaction -- 7.3.2 Michaelis Menten Model -- 7.3.3 Adsorption and the Langmuir Model -- 7.3.4 Biological Reactions -- 7.4 Biochemical Reactions in Microsystems -- 7.4.1 Homogeneous Reactions -- 7.4.2 Heterogeneous Reactions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Experimental Approaches to Microparticles-Based Assays -- 8.1 A Few Biological Targets -- 8.1.1 Biopolymers -- 8.1.2 Some Aspects of Cells -- 8.2 Microparticles as Biotechnological Tools -- 8.2.1 Fluorescent Particles -- 8.2.2 Other Micro- and Nanoparticles -- 8.2.3 Chemical Modification of Surfaces -- 8.3 Experimental Methods of Characterization -- 8.3.1 Microscopies -- 8.3.2 Physical Characterization: Light Scattering -- 8.3.3 Biochemical Characterization -- 8.4 Molecular Micromanipulation -- 8.4.1 Force Measurements -- 8.4.2 Optical Tweezers -- 8.4.3 Flow-Based Techniques -- References -- Selected Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Magnetic Particles in Biotechnology -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 The Principle of Functional Magnetic Beads -- 9.1.2 Composition and Fabrication of Magnetic Beads -- 9.1.3 An Example of Displacement by Magnetic Beads for Biodetection -- 9.1.4 The Question of the Size of the Magnetic Beads -- 9.2 Characterization of Magnetic Beads -- 9.2.1 Paramagnetic Beads -- 9.2.2 Ferromagnetic Microparticles -- 9.3 Magnetic Force -- 9.3.1 Paramagnetic Microparticles -- 9.3.2 Ferromagnetic Microparticles -- 9.4 Deterministic Trajectory -- 9.5 Example of a Ferromagnetic Rod -- 9.5.1 Governing Equations -- 9.5.2 Analytical Solution for the Magnetic Field -- 9.5.3 Trajectories (Carrier Fluid at Rest) -- 9.5.4 Trajectories (Carrier Fluid Convection) -- 9.6 Magnetic Repulsion -- 9.7 Magnetic Beads in EWOD Microsystems -- 9.8 Example of a Separation Column -- 9.9 Concentration Approach.

9.10 Example of MFFF -- 9.10.1 Trajectories -- 9.10.2 Concentration of Magnetic Beads -- 9.10.3 Results and Comparison -- 9.11 Assembly of Magnetic Beads-Magnetic Beads Chains -- 9.12 Magnetic Fluids -- 9.12.1 Introduction -- 9.12.2 Magnetic Force on a Plug of Ferrofluid -- 9.12.3 Notes -- 9.13 Magnetic Micromembranes -- 9.13.1 Principle -- 9.13.2 Deflection of Paramagnetic Micromembranes -- 9.13.3 Oscillation of Magnetic Membranes -- 9.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Micromanipulations and Separations Using Electric Fields -- 10.1 Action of a DC Electric Field on a Particle: Electrophoresis -- 10.1.1 The Debye Layer -- 10.1.2 Electro-Osmosis -- 10.1.3 Electrophoresis of a Charged Particle -- 10.1.4 Electrophoresis of DNA -- 10.1.5 Electrophoresis of Proteins -- 10.1.6 Cell Electrophoresis -- 10.2 Dielectrophoresis -- 10.2.1 Theoretical Basis -- 10.2.2 The Clausius-Mossoti Factor -- 10.2.3 Optimization of the Electric Field -- 10.2.4 Characterization of Particles -- 10.2.5 Electrorotation and Traveling Wave -- 10.2.6 Instabilities -- 10.2.7 DEP-Based Separations -- References -- Chapter 11 Conclusion -- List of Symbols -- About the Authors -- Index.