Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1: Cements and Cement Paste -- 1.1 Portland Cement and Hydration Reactions -- 1.2 Porosity and Transport Processes -- 1.2.1 Water/Cement Ratio and Curing -- 1.2.2 Porosity, Permeability and Percolation -- 1.3 Blended Cements -- 1.3.1 Pozzolanic Materials -- 1.3.2 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag -- 1.3.3 Ground Limestone -- 1.3.4 Other Additions -- 1.3.5 Properties of Blended Cements -- 1.4 Common Cements -- 1.5 Other Types of Cement -- References -- 2: Transport Processes in Concrete -- 2.1 Composition of Pore Solution and Water Content -- 2.1.1 Composition of Pore Solution -- 2.1.2 Water in Concrete -- 2.1.3 Water Content and Transport Processes -- 2.2 Diffusion -- 2.2.1 Stationary Diffusion -- 2.2.2 Nonstationary Diffusion -- 2.2.3 Diffusion and Binding -- 2.3 Capillary Suction -- 2.4 Permeation -- 2.4.1 Water Permeability Coefficient -- 2.4.2 Gas Permeability Coefficient -- 2.5 Migration -- 2.5.1 Ion Transport in Solution -- 2.5.2 Ion Transport in Concrete -- 2.5.3 Resistivity of Concrete -- 2.6 Mechanisms and Significant Parameters -- References -- 3: Degradation of Concrete -- 3.1 Freeze-Thaw Attack -- 3.1.1 Mechanism -- 3.1.2 Factors Influencing Frost Resistance -- 3.1.3 Air-Entrained Concrete -- 3.2 Attack by Acids and Pure Water -- 3.2.1 Acid Attack -- 3.2.2 Biogenic Sulfuric Acid Attack -- 3.2.3 Attack by Pure Water -- 3.2.4 Ammonium Attack -- 3.3 Sulfate Attack -- 3.3.1 External Sulfate Attack -- 3.3.2 Internal Sulfate Attack -- 3.4 Alkali Silica Reaction -- 3.4.1 Alkali Content in Cement and Pore Solution -- 3.4.2 Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) -- 3.5 Attack by Seawater -- References -- 4: General Aspects -- 4.1 Initiation and Propagation of Corrosion -- 4.1.1 Initiation Phase -- 4.1.2 Propagation Phase.

4.2 Corrosion Rate -- 4.3 Consequences -- 4.4 Behavior of Other Metals -- References -- 5: Carbonation-Induced Corrosion -- 5.1 Carbonation of Concrete -- 5.1.1 Penetration of Carbonation -- 5.1.2 Factors That Influence the Carbonation Rate -- 5.2 Initiation Time -- 5.2.1 Parabolic Formula -- 5.2.2 Other Formulas -- 5.3 Corrosion Rate -- 5.3.1 Carbonated Concrete without Chlorides -- 5.3.2 Carbonated and Chloride-Contaminated Concrete -- References -- 6: Chloride-Induced Corrosion -- 6.1 Pitting Corrosion -- 6.2 Corrosion Initiation -- 6.2.1 Chloride Threshold -- 6.2.2 Chloride Penetration -- 6.2.3 Surface Content (Cs) -- 6.2.4 Apparent Diffusion Coefficient -- 6.3 Corrosion Rate -- References -- 7: Electrochemical Aspects -- 7.1 Electrochemical Mechanism of Corrosion -- 7.2 Noncarbonated Concrete without Chlorides -- 7.2.1 Anodic Polarization Curve -- 7.2.2 Cathodic Polarization Curve -- 7.2.3 Corrosion Conditions -- 7.3 Carbonated Concrete -- 7.4 Concrete Containing Chlorides -- 7.4.1 Corrosion Initiation and Pitting Potential -- 7.4.2 Propagation -- 7.4.3 Repassivation -- 7.5 Structures under Cathodic or Anodic Polarization -- References -- 8: Macrocells -- 8.1 Structures Exposed to the Atmosphere -- 8.2 Buried Structures and Immersed Structures -- 8.3 Electrochemical Aspects -- 8.4 Modeling of Macrocells -- References -- 9: Stray-Current-Induced Corrosion -- 9.1 DC Stray Current -- 9.1.1 Alkaline and Chloride-Free Concrete -- 9.1.2 Passive Steel in Chloride-Contaminated Concrete -- 9.1.3 Corroding Steel -- 9.2 AC Stray Current -- 9.3 High-Strength Steel -- 9.4 Fiber-Reinforced Concrete -- 9.5 Inspection -- 9.6 Protection from Stray Current -- References -- 10: Hydrogen-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking -- 10.1 Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) -- 10.2 Failure under Service of High-Strength Steel -- 10.2.1 Crack Initiation.

10.2.2 Crack Propagation -- 10.2.3 Fast Propagation -- 10.2.4 Critical Conditions -- 10.2.5 Fracture Surface -- 10.3 Metallurgical, Mechanical and Load Conditions -- 10.3.1 Susceptibility of Steel to HI-SCC -- 10.4 Environmental Conditions -- 10.5 Hydrogen Generated during Operation -- 10.6 Hydrogen Generated before Ducts Are Filled -- 10.7 Protection of Prestressing Steel -- References -- 11: Design for Durability -- 11.1 Factors Affecting Durability -- 11.1.1 Conditions of Aggressiveness -- 11.1.2 Concrete Quality -- 11.1.3 Cracking -- 11.1.4 Thickness of the Concrete Cover -- 11.1.5 Inspection and Maintenance -- 11.2 Approaches to Service-Life Modeling -- 11.2.1 Prescriptive Approaches -- 11.2.2 Performance-Based Approaches -- 11.3 The Approach of the European Standards -- 11.4 The fib Model Code for Service-Life Design for Chloride-Induced Corrosion -- 11.5 Other Methods -- 11.6 Additional Protection Measures -- 11.7 Costs -- References -- 12: Concrete Technology for Corrosion Prevention -- 12.1 Constituents of Concrete -- 12.1.1 Cement -- 12.1.2 Aggregates -- 12.1.3 Mixing Water -- 12.1.4 Admixtures -- 12.2 Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete -- 12.2.1 Workability -- 12.2.2 Strength -- 12.2.3 Deformation -- 12.2.4 Shrinkage and Cracking -- 12.3 Requirements for Concrete and Mix Design -- 12.4 Concrete Production -- 12.4.1 Mixing, Handling, Placement and Compaction -- 12.4.2 Curing -- 12.5 Design Details -- 12.6 Concrete with Special Properties -- 12.6.1 Concrete with Mineral Additions -- 12.6.2 High-Performance Concrete (HPC) -- 12.6.3 Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) -- References -- 13: Corrosion Inhibitors -- 13.1 Mechanism of Corrosion Inhibitors -- 13.2 Mode of Action of Corrosion Inhibitors -- 13.3 Corrosion Inhibitors to Prevent or Delay Corrosion Initiation -- 13.4 Corrosion Inhibitors to Reduce the Propagation Rate of Corrosion.

13.5 Transport of the Inhibitor into Mortar or Concrete -- 13.6 Field Tests and Experience with Corrosion Inhibitors -- 13.7 Critical Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors -- 13.8 Effectiveness of Corrosion Inhibitors -- References -- 14: Surface Protection Systems -- 14.1 General Remarks -- 14.2 Organic Coatings -- 14.2.1 Properties and Testing -- 14.2.2 Performance -- 14.3 Hydrophobic Treatment -- 14.3.1 Properties and Testing -- 14.3.2 Performance -- 14.4 Treatments That Block Pores -- 14.5 Cementitious Coatings and Layers -- 14.6 Concluding Remarks on Effectiveness and Durability of Surface Protection Systems -- References -- 15: Corrosion-Resistant Reinforcement -- 15.1 Steel for Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete -- 15.1.1 Reinforcing Bars -- 15.1.2 Prestressing Steel -- 15.1.3 Corrosion Behavior -- 15.2 Stainless Steel Rebars -- 15.2.1 Properties of Stainless Steel Rebars -- 15.2.2 Corrosion Resistance -- 15.2.3 Coupling with Carbon Steel -- 15.2.4 Applications and Cost -- 15.2.5 High-Strength Stainless Steels -- 15.3 Galvanized Steel Rebars -- 15.3.1 Properties of Galvanized Steel Bars -- 15.3.2 Corrosion Resistance -- 15.3.3 Galvanized Steel Tendons -- 15.4 Epoxy-Coated Rebars -- 15.4.1 Properties of the Coating -- 15.4.2 Corrosion Resistance -- 15.4.3 Practical Aspects -- 15.4.4 Effectiveness -- References -- 16: Inspection and Condition Assessment -- 16.1 Visual Inspection and Cover Depth -- 16.2 Electrochemical Inspection Techniques -- 16.2.1 Half-Cell Potential Mapping -- 16.2.2 Resistivity Measurements -- 16.2.3 Corrosion Rate -- 16.3 Analysis of Concrete -- 16.3.1 Carbonation Depth -- 16.3.2 Chloride Determination -- References -- 17: Monitoring -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Monitoring with Nonelectrochemical Sensors -- 17.3 Monitoring with Electrochemical Sensors -- 17.4 Critical Factors -- 17.5 On the Way to "Smart Structures".

17.6 Structural Health Monitoring -- References -- 18: Principles and Methods for Repair -- 18.1 Approach to Repair -- 18.1.1 Repair Options -- 18.1.2 Basic Repair Principles -- 18.2 Overview of Repair Methods for Carbonated Structures -- 18.2.1 Methods Based on Repassivation -- 18.2.2 Reduction of the Moisture Content of the Concrete -- 18.2.3 Coating of the Reinforcement -- 18.3 Overview of Repair Methods for Chloride-Contaminated Structures -- 18.3.1 Methods Based on Repassivation -- 18.3.2 Cathodic Protection -- 18.3.3 Other Methods -- 18.4 Design, Requirements, Execution and Control of Repair Works -- References -- 19: Conventional Repair -- 19.1 Assessment of the Condition of the Structure -- 19.2 Removal of Concrete -- 19.2.1 Definition of Concrete to be Removed -- 19.2.2 Techniques for Concrete Removal -- 19.2.3 Surface Preparation -- 19.3 Preparation of Reinforcement -- 19.4 Application of Repair Material -- 19.4.1 Requirements -- 19.4.2 Repair Materials -- 19.4.3 Specifications and Tests -- 19.5 Additional Protection -- 19.6 Strengthening -- References -- 20: Electrochemical Techniques -- 20.1 Development of the Techniques -- 20.1.1 Cathodic Protection -- 20.1.2 Cathodic Prevention -- 20.1.3 Electrochemical Chloride Removal -- 20.1.4 Electrochemical Realkalization -- 20.2 Effects of the Circulation of Current -- 20.2.1 Beneficial Effects -- 20.2.2 Side Effects -- 20.2.3 How Various Techniques Work -- 20.3 Cathodic Protection and Cathodic Prevention -- 20.3.1 Cathodic Protection of Steel in Chloride-Contaminated Concrete -- 20.3.2 Cathodic Prevention -- 20.3.3 Cathodic Protection in Carbonated Concrete -- 20.3.4 Throwing Power -- 20.3.5 The Anode System -- 20.3.6 Practical Aspects -- 20.3.7 Service Life -- 20.3.8 Numerical Modeling -- 20.4 Electrochemical Chloride Extraction and Realkalization -- 20.4.1 Electrochemical Chloride Extraction.

20.4.2 Electrochemical Realkalization.