Contents -- Boxes, Figures, and Tables -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Abbreviations -- Part I. The Growing Consensus on the Importance of Land Redistribution -- 1. Introduction and Summary -- Why Do We Need a Book on Agricultural Land Redistribution? -- The Problem of Land Redistribution -- Why Redistribute Land? The Growing Consensus -- How to Redistribute Agricultural Land: Emerging Principles -- Conclusion -- Annex -- Notes -- References -- Part II. The Historical Origins of Land Concentration and Past Attempts to Redistribute Land -- 2. History of Land Concentration and Redistributive Land Reforms -- The Emergence of Property Rights in Land -- Interventions to Establish and Support Large Farms in Sub-Saharan Africa -- Success and Failure in Land Reform -- The Social Cost of Delayed Reform: Revolts and Civil Wars -- Credit, Policy Distortions, and Land Sales Markets -- Policy Implications for Redistributive Land Reform -- Notes -- References -- 3. Land Redistribution in Kenya -- Kenya's Land Question: The Political Economy of Colonial Agriculture -- Early Attempts to Redistribute Land -- Re-Africanizing the Highlands: The One Million Acre Settlement Scheme -- The Politics of Redistribution -- Conclusion: Some Key Lessons -- Note -- References -- 4. Land Reform throughout the 20th Century in China -- The First Land Redistribution in Modern China -- Land Collectivization and the People's Commune -- Decollectivization and Reintroduction of Individual Land Rights -- Conversion of Rural Land to Urban Uses -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part III. Ongoing Land Reform Programs, Their Mechanisms, Achievements, and Limitations -- 5. Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe -- Land Redistribution under the Colonial State -- Early Attempts to Redistribute Land, 1980-99 -- The Fast Track Land Redistribution Program, 2000-05.

Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 6. Land Redistribution in South Africa -- Land Reform since the End of Apartheid -- Key Emerging Policy Issues in South Africa's Land Reform -- The Future of Land Reform in South Africa -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7. Land Reform in South Africa: Additional Data and Comments -- Alarming Trends in Rural Income and Agricultural Employment -- Exploiting Multiple Sources of Livelihood and Periurban Farming -- Economies of Scale in South African Agriculture -- Land Reform Opportunities in Arid and Semiarid Areas -- Negotiated Transfers versus Expropriation -- Underused Flexibility in the Land Redistribution for Agricultural Development Program -- Sales of Parcels by Developers -- Inadequate Decentralization and Community Empowerment -- Large-Scale Farmers' Opposition to Land Reform -- Land Reform Funding -- Recommendations -- Notes -- References -- 8. Land Redistribution in the Philippines -- Key Features of CARP -- CARP Implementation Dynamics -- Land Reform Achievements and Their Interpretations -- Conclusion -- Annex -- Notes -- References -- 9. Learning from Old and New Approaches to Land Reform in India -- First-Generation Reforms to Land Policy and Law -- Women's Land Rights: Overcoming Past Inequites and Leading New Approaches -- New Approaches -- Lessons Learned -- Annex -- Notes -- References -- Part IV. The Wide Array of Objectives, Mechanisms, and Tools for Land Redistribution that Remain the Focus of Heated Debate -- 10. Expropriating Land in Brazil -- Land Reform in the 1950s and the Years of the Military Cycle -- Brazil's Legal Structure for Implementing Land Reform -- The Second Moment of Land Reform: 1995 Onward -- Current Challenges and Dilemmas -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 11. Negotiated Agrarian Reform in Brazil -- Agrarian Reform in Brazil.

Evolution of Negotiated Agrarian Reform -- Main Results of Negotiated Agrarian Reform Evaluations -- Challenges to the Permanence of Negotiated Agrarian Reform -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 12. Agricultural Land Tax, Land-Use Intensification, Local Development, and Land Market Reform -- Theory of Land Taxation -- Land Taxation in Practice -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part V. How to Develop, Implement, and Monitor an Effective National Program of Land Redistribution -- 13. Designing and Implementing Redistributive Land Reform: The Southern African Experience -- Setting the Agenda: Objectives, Trajectories, and Strategies -- Land Reform Policy: Principles and Management -- Legal Frameworks for Implementing Land Reform Policy -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 14. Pilot-Testing a Land Redistribution Program in Malawi -- The Land Situation in Malawi -- The Community-Based Rural Land Development Project -- Project Achievements and Impact -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 15. Monitoring and Evaluation of Land Policies and Land Reform -- Tenure Security -- Land Access and Land Reform -- Key Considerations for the Design of Monitoring and Evaluation Processes -- Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Index -- Boxes -- 1.1 Defining Land Redistribution, Land Reform, and Agrarian Reform -- 1.2 Defining the Objectives of the Redistribution -- 1.3 Land Redistribution: Rights-Based and Broader Entitlement Approaches -- 1.4 The Cost of Land Acquisition -- 1.5 The Role of Social Movements and Civil Society -- 1.6 Private, Common, and No Property -- 2.1 Glossary -- 4.1 Land Distribution from China's Song Dynasty to the Republican Era -- 5.1 The Role of War Veterans during the Fast Track Phase -- 5.2 Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreements -- 6.1 Restrictions on Subdividing Land.

6.2 Summary of Resolutions Adopted at the National Land Summit, July 2005 -- 6.3 A Silent Revolution in Agriculture? -- 8.1 CARP's Budgets and Timeframes -- 8.2 Occurrence and Resolution of Agrarian Conflicts -- 8.3 Task Force 24: An Example of Civil Society-Initiated Campaigns -- 9.1 Loophole Undermines Reform -- 9.2 Benefiting More Families in West Bengal -- 9.3 Tribal Land Rights: A Need for New Approaches -- 9.4 Microplots: Low Cost and High Impact -- 14.1 National Land Policy Objectives -- 14.2 Land Rent Increase -- 14.3 Expiring Leases -- Figures -- 1.1 Land as Part of the Cost of Typical Land Reform Project, South Africa -- 2.1 Evolution and Structure of Production Relationships and Property Rights in Agriculture -- 5.1 Amounts and Purchase Prices of Land Acquired, 1980-88 -- 6.1 Land Prices for Redistribution, Restitution, and the General Market, 1994-2004 -- 6.2 Budgets for Land Reform and Restitution, Including Estimates for the Medium-Term Expenditure Framework -- 7.1 Cattle Numbers in Commercial Ranch Areas, Namibia, 1958-2000 -- 7.2 Distribution of LRAD Grants by Size of Grant, FY2001-FY2002 -- 8.1 Concentration of Agricultural Landownership, 1988 -- 8.2 Land Redistribution Outcomes by National Administration, 1972-2005 -- 11.1 Brazilian States and Coverage of the Different Periods of Negotiated Agrarian Reform -- 12.1 Effects of a Property Tax on the Demand for Property While Supply Is Inelastic -- 12.2 Increase in Land Use Intensity as a Result of Land Tax -- 14.1 Pilot Project Districts in Malawi -- 14.2 Apportioned Shares of Each Beneficiary's 1,050 LAFD Grant -- 14.3 CBRLDP Institutional and Implementation Arrangements -- 14.4 LAFD Project Cycle -- Tables -- 1.A.1 Revolutions, Allies, and the Fight for Land Reform -- 2.1 Interventions to Establish and Support Large Farms -- 4.1 Structure of Land Property Rights since 1949.

5.1 Land Redistribution Pattern and Targets, 1980 -- 5.2 Purchase Prices for Land Acquired for Resettlement between 1980 and 1988 -- 5.3 Progress in Land Redistribution by the End of 2005 -- 5.4 Maize Deliveries to GMB and Producer Price Trends, FY1994/95-2006 -- 6.1 Land Transfers under South Africa's Land Reform Programs, 1994-2007 -- 8.1 DAR Land Redistribution, 1972-2005 -- 8.2 CARP's Land Redistribution Accomplishments, in Hectares, 1972-2006 -- 8.3 Number of Land Reform Program Beneficiaries, 1972-2000 -- 8.A.1 Agrarian Disputes and Their Legal and Administrative Jurisdictions -- 9.A.1 Shares of Households and Agricultural Area Affected by Land Reforms in Major Indian States -- 10.1 Structure of Landownership, 2003 -- 11.1 Negotiated Agrarian Reform in Brazil, 1997 Onward -- 12.1 Use of Land and Improvements as the Property Rates Base, Selected Economies -- 13.1 Trajectories of Land Reform -- 14.1 Beneficiary Selection Criteria -- 14.2 Beneficiary Households' Yield Changes for Principal Crops, Crop Years 2004/05 and 2005/06 -- 14.3 Comparison of Maize Production before and after Relocation, by Group -- 15.1 Extent and Characteristics of Land Reforms.