Contents -- Preface -- 1 Principal players -- Exporters -- Importers -- Freight forwarders -- Warehousemen -- Carriers -- Insurers -- Banks -- Factors -- Government agencies and international financial institutions -- 2 Cross-border trading -- The risks involved -- Contracts -- Methods of payment -- 3 Bills for collection -- Parties to a collection -- D/ P bill for collection ( documents -- against payment) -- D/ A bill for collection ( documents -- against acceptance) -- ( Publication No. 522) -- 4 The irrevocable documentary credit -- Parties to a documentary credit -- Constructing the credit -- Issuing the credit -- Documents required under documentary credits -- Transport documents -- Confirmation of a documentary credit -- Silent confirmation -- Amendments to the terms of an irrevocable credit -- Recourse -- Handling discrepant documents -- Relevant articles of UCP500 -- 5 Guarantees -- Types of guarantee -- Standby letters of credit -- International Standby Practices: ISP98 -- 6 Insurance -- Short- term export credit insurance -- Marine insurance -- 7 Foreign exchange risk -- Forward premium and discount -- Fixed forward exchange contracts -- Option forward contracts -- Closing out forward contracts -- Borrowing in currency -- Buying currency and holding on deposit -- Foreign currency options -- 8 Special types of credits -- The revolving credit -- The instalment credit -- The red clause credit -- The green clause credit -- The advance payment credit -- The transferable credit -- The back- to- back credit -- UCP500 -- The part payment credit -- 9 Financing -- Financing through bills for collection -- Negotiation of bills for collection -- Pre- shipment finance -- Post- shipment finance -- Assignment/ purchase of trade receivables -- 10 Forfaiting -- Countertrade -- 11 Electronic commerce for international trade settlement -- Bolero.

12 Prevention of fraud in international trade -- What measures can be taken to -- minimize the risk of fraud? -- Appendix 1: Trade finance quiz -- Appendix 2: Guide to exporters and importers -- Exporters -- Importers -- Appendix 3: Suggested checklist for beneficiaries when preparing documents for presentation under a documentary credit -- Appendix 4: Answers to Gdanski Construct SA Case Study -- Appendix 5: Answers to Quiz -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index.