HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS 2001 -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC page -- Table of contents -- Contributors' addresses -- Preface -- Language contact and language change in Amazonia -- 1. Amazonian languages and comparative linguistics -- 2. Linguistic diffusion and grammatical borrowing -- 3. Language contact situations to be discussed -- 4. Prefixing, suffixing and marking grammatical relations in Tucanoan and in Arawak -- 5. Outcomes of language contact: discussion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Grammaticalization and the historical development of the genitive in Mainland Scandinavian -- 1. Preliminaries -- 2. The historical development of genitive morphology -- 3. The historical development of genitive functions -- 4. Degrammaticalization or increased grammaticalization? -- 5. Summary -- Notes -- References -- Beyond the comparative method? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. To believe or not to believe? -- 3. Multilateral comparison -- 4. Nichols -- 4.1. `Spread' vs. `accretion' zones problems -- 4.2. Typological `stability' -- 4.3. Binary splits -- 4.4. Time depths -- 4.5. Problems with the classification of languages and the sample -- 5. Dixon's approach: punctuated equilibrium -- 5.1. The status of punctuated equilibrium in biology -- 5.2. The view of human society -- 5.3. The problem of equilibrium without diffusion -- 5.4. The problem of equilibrium with diversification -- 5.5. Diffusion in punctuation -- 5.6. Conclusions concerning punctuated equilibrium -- 6. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- The transition from early to modern Portuguese -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Exploring the medieval Portuguese corpus: the social context of morphological changes -- 3. Towards a new proposal of periodisation -- Notes -- References -- Isomorphism and language change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The verbal string and isomorphism.

3. `Freezes' in the verbal string -- 3.1. Loss of a realis/irrealis contrast -- 3.2. Past participle plus auxiliary het ``have'' and the case of was gewees -- 3.3. Linking verb plus main verb -- 4. Isomorphism and subject identification -- 5. In conclusion -- References -- From purposive/future to present -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reconstructing a purposive/future *-(l)ku -- 3. Conservative uses of *-(l)ku as a purposive -- 4. The *-(l)ku suffix as a present tense -- 5. Between `purposive' and `present' - the Nyamal `prospective' -- 6. Purposive > Prospective > Present -- 7. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The formation of periphrastic perfects and passives in Europe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preliminaries -- 2.1. Proto-Indo-European -- 2.2. Greek -- 2.3. Latin -- 3. Innovation tied to diathetic expansion in Greek -- 3.1. Creation of the HAVE perfect -- 3.2. Creation of the BE (medio)passives -- 4. The role of HAVE in distinguishing BE perfect vs. BE passive -- 5. `Cluster of periphrastics' & subject orientation -- 6. Developments in Latin: the role of deponents -- 6.1. Evidence from Celtic -- 6.2. Greek influence on Latin deponents -- 7. `Greek accusative' -- 8. Larger considerations -- 8.1. PPP as an Indo-European construct -- 8.2. The rarity of the European periphrastic type -- 9. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- The grammaticalization of movement -- 1. Introduction -- 2. From pragmatics to grammar -- 3. Word order change in Nordic -- 3.1. Liberal landing rights: the subject position -- 3.2. Adjunction: extraposition -- 3.3. Adjunction: verb final order -- 3.4. Head-to-specifier movement: topicalization -- 4. Supporting evidence -- 4.1. Anaphor binding -- 4.2. pro -- 5. Conclusion -- Sources -- Notes -- References -- Paths of development for modal meanings -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The uses of the potential mood in the Finnic languages.

2.1. Present-day Standard Finnish -- 2.2. Present-day Finnish dialects -- 2.3. Earlier stages of spoken Finnish -- 2.4. Karelian and the other Finnic languages -- 3. Generalisations in grammars -- 4. The functions of the potential mood in a diachronic perspective -- 4.1. The semantic development of the Finnic potential mood -- 4.2. The paths of developments for modal meanings -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- On degrammaticalization -- 1. Grammaticalization theory -- 2. Degrammaticalization -- 2.1. Loss of grammatical meaning -- 2.2. Mirror image reversal -- 2.3. Lexicalization -- 2.4. Euphemism -- 2.5. Exaptation -- 2.6. Adaptation -- 2.7. Replacement -- 2.8. `Upgrading' -- 2.9. Discussion -- 3. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Process inhibition in historical phonology -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Preliminary assumptions -- 2. Phonological processes and their inhibition -- 2.1. Historical phonology and synchronic phonology -- 2.2. What is lenition? -- 2.3. Lenition inhibition -- 3. Case studies: lenitions and their inhibition -- 3.1. The High German Consonant Shift -- 3.2. Lenition in Liverpool English -- 4. Lenition inhibition revisited: can we explain why processes are inhibited? -- 4.1. The prosodic inhibition of process innovation -- 4.2. The melodic inhibition of process innovation -- 5. Back-up and extension -- 5.1. The `English 1'176 Change' -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Reconsidering the canons of sound-change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Romance vowel-prothesis -- 3. Northeastern Swiss German vowel-lowering ([o] > ["66]) -- 4. Contemporary English s-retraction to ["77] -- 5. Summation regarding sound-change -- Notes -- References -- Case in Middle Danish -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The orthographic and linguistic skills of the Danish medieval scribe -- 3. The double content case system.

4. Examples of cohesive case in B 69 -- 5. Signs of cohesive case in other sources -- 6. Other changes in Middle Danish -- 7. The reinterpretation of the case system in Middle Danish -- 8. The role played by the change of stress pattern -- References -- The development of some Indonesian pronominal systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic sentence structures in some Indonesian languages: A description -- 2.1. `Two-transitive' system -- 2.2. `Single-transitive' systems: `Accusative-pattern' and `Ergative-pattern' systems -- 3. A comparison of Indonesian pronominal systems and forms -- 3.1. Proto Extra-Formosan Genitive pronouns and Indonesian pronominal forms -- 3.2. Internal morphosyntactic comparison -- 4. A comparison with the Proto Extra-Formosan System -- 4.1. Proto Extra-Formosan sentence structures -- 4.2. Proto Extra-Formosan and Indonesian sentence structures: A comparison -- 4.3. Development of an Accusative-pattern system -- 4.4. Word order change -- 5. Concluding remarks -- Abbreviations -- Notes -- References -- Morphological reconstruction as an etymological method -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lexical and morphological comparison -- 2.1. Lexical reconstruction: comparative wordlists vs. cognate sets -- 2.2. Morphological comparison: comparative tables vs. cognates -- 2.3. Morphological reconstruction and types of morphological change -- 3. Person inflection in Arandic kin nouns -- 3.1. Reconstruction of morphologisation -- 3.2. Reconstruction of demorphologisation -- 3.3. Summary of reconstruction of kin noun inflection -- 4. Arandic complex case markers -- 4.1. Allative -- 4.2. Comitative -- 4.3. Residues of nominal suffixes in *arle -- 4.4. Methodological summary -- 5. Summary and conclusion -- 5.1. Summary -- 5.2. Implications for reconstruction -- 5.3. Implications for Australian comparative linguistics -- Notes -- References.

Labovian principles of vowel shifting revisited -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The Labovian principles -- 1.2. Reinterpretation of Labov's data and principles: `Vowel convection' -- 2. The New Zealand English (NZE) shift -- 3. The Cantonese vowel shift -- 3.1. NZE vowel shift and dialects of Guangdong -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Conventional implicature and language change -- Introduction -- 1. Markers of an unexpected identity -- 1.1. The bound morpheme -'263i and the emphatic pronouns -- 1.2. -'223i and the identity pronoun ``same'' -- 2. Stage II (18th c.): the decay of the bound morpheme -'263i -- 2.1. SIBI proper: Rom. reflexive dative pronouns -- 2.2. Lat. IPSE - Rom. însu'263i, as an alternate reinforcement pronoun -- 2.3. The Romanian emphatic pronoun însu'263i -- 3. Stage III: Modern Romanian -- 3.1. A new paradigm of identity -- 3.2. Stage IV (18th c.-): The decay of the emphatic pronouns -- 3.3. Adjectival SINGUR ``alone'' -- 4. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- The rise of IPs in the history of English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background assumptions -- 3. Theoretical assumptions: Higginbotham's (1985) theta-binding theory -- 4. Gerunds -- 4.1. Non-presence of a D system in OE -- 4.2. Non-presence of gerunds in OE -- 4.3. The emergence of gerunds -- 5. Infinitives -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. OE precursors of infinitives -- 5.3. The absence of INFL -- 5.4. The historical facts -- 5.5. My hypothesis -- 6. Concluding remark -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- From subject to object -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The form and the function of the obligation construction -- 3. The restructuration process of the obligation construction -- 4. The restructuration of the possibility construction -- 5. Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Meaning change in verbs -- 1. Introduction.

2. Methodological and interpretative principles.