Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 High-Level Information Fusion (HLIF) -- 1.2 Book Structure -- 1.2.1 Perspectives from Australian Contr -- 1.2.2 Perspectives from Canadian Contrib -- 1.2.3 Perspectives from United States Co -- 1.3 A Science of High-Level Information -- References -- Part I Information Fusion Concepts -- 2 Situation Assessment and Situation Awareness -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Situation Awareness and Situation Assessment Defined -- 2.3 Situation Awareness (SAW) Models -- 2.3.1 Endsley's SAW Model -- 2.3.2 Recognition Primed Decision (RPD) Making Model -- 2.4 Situation Assessment Models -- 2.4.1 Data Fusion Information Group Mode -- 2.4.2 Situational Assessment Models for -- 2.5 Situational Assessment Model Based o -- 2.5.1 Syntactic Algorithms and Semantic -- 2.5.2 Definition of a Situation -- 2.5.3 The Situation Awareness Reference -- 2.6 Current Information Fusion Situation -- 2.7 Discussion -- 2.7.1 Situation Assessment Representatio -- 2.7.2 Situation Assessment Metrics -- 2.7.3 SA/SAW Issues and Challenges -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 The State Transition Data Fusion Model -- 3.1 Information Revolution -- 3.1.1 Situation Awareness -- 3.1.2 Data Fusion -- 3.1.3 Renaissance -- 3.2 State Transitions -- 3.2.1 Classification -- 3.2.2 States -- 3.2.3 Transitions -- 3.2.4 JDL States in the World -- 3.3 The STDF Fusion Process -- 3.3.1 Prediction, Observation, and Expla -- 3.3.2 The General Form of a Fusion Proce -- 3.3.3 JDL Assessments -- 3.4 Level 0 Fusion -- 3.4.1 Level 0 Signal Fusion -- 3.4.2 Level 0 Textual Fusion -- 3.5 Level 1 Fusion -- 3.5.1 Level 1 Signal Fusion -- 3.5.2 Level 1 Textual Fusion -- 3.6 Level 2 Fusion -- 3.7 Level 3 Fusion -- References -- 4 Formalization of Situation Analysis Through Interpreted Systems Semantics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Formal Models of Higher Levels of.

4.1.2 Situations in State Spaces -- 4.2 Background -- 4.2.1 Interpreted Systems -- 4.2.2 Different Kinds of Interpreted Sys -- 4.3 Formalization of the Situation Analy -- 4.3.1 Situation -- 4.3.2 Situation Awareness -- 4.3.3 Situation Perception and Comprehen -- 4.3.4 Situation Analysis -- 4.4 Illustrations on a Surveillance Scen -- 4.4.1 Situation -- 4.4.2 Situation Awareness -- 4.4.3 Belief, Revision, and Update -- 4.4.4 Situation Analysis -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Distributed Information Fusion and Management -- 5 The Role of Information Management to Support High-Level Fusion -- 5.1 Introduction: What Is Information Ma -- 5.2 Model of Information Management -- 5.2.1 Managed Information Objects -- 5.2.2 Actors -- 5.2.3 Service Layers -- 5.2.4 Information Spaces -- 5.2.5 Utility of the Information Managem -- 5.3 Information Management Challenges in -- 5.4 Information Management Best Practice -- 5.4.1 Information Sharing -- 5.4.2 Reducing Complexity -- 5.4.3 Control and Flexibility -- 5.5 Information Management Support to In -- 5.5.1 Information Lifecycle -- 5.5.2 Syntactic and Semantic Interoperab -- 5.5.3 Management and Exploitation of Con -- 5.5.4 Management and Exploitation of Uns -- 5.5.5 Information Management as a Servic -- 5.5.6 Workflow -- 5.6 Information Management from an Agent -- 5.7 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Coalition Distributed Information Fusion Testbed -- 6.1 Models of Collaboration -- 6.1.1 Technology Showcase -- 6.1.2 Technology Demonstration -- 6.1.3 Technology Evaluation -- 6.1.4 Technology Sharing -- 6.1.5 Joint Development -- 6.1.6 Joint Ownership -- 6.2 Requirements -- 6.2.1 Provide Simulated Information Feed -- 6.2.2 Real-Time Performance -- 6.2.3 Distributed Architecture -- 6.2.4 Integrate Heterogeneous Systems -- 6.2.5 Loose Coupling Between Components -- 6.2.6 Dynamic Resource Management and Pr.

6.3 CoAX (Collaboration 2002 Experiment) -- 6.4 Architecture -- 6.4.1 Simulation Layer -- 6.4.2 Information Management Layer -- 6.4.3 Information Fusion Layer -- 6.4.4 Resource Management Layer -- 6.4.5 Human-Machine Interface Layer -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Information Fusion and Resource Management Testbed -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 INFORM Lab Architecture -- 7.2.1 OODA Agent Components -- 7.2.2 Platforms -- 7.2.3 Default Communicator -- 7.2.4 Goals -- 7.2.5 Situation Evidence -- 7.2.6 Agent Affiliations and Relationshi -- 7.2.7 Services -- 7.2.8 Extension Mechanisms -- 7.3 INFORM Lab Implementation -- 7.4 Tests and Validation -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 The Legal Agreement Protocol -- 8.1 Conceptualization -- 8.1.1 Decentralization -- 8.1.2 Ubiquity -- 8.1.3 Automation -- 8.1.4 Integration -- 8.2 Formalization -- 8.2.1 Contract Formation -- 8.2.2 Contract Performance -- 8.2.3 Contract Remedies -- 8.3 Computation -- 8.3.1 Contract Formation -- 8.3.2 Contract Performance -- 8.3.3 Contract Remedies -- 8.4 Sample Vignette -- References -- Part III Human-System Interaction -- 9 User-Defined Operating Picture (UDOP) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Need for a New Picturing Capabil -- 9.2.1 Challenges with Picturing Capabili -- 9.2.2 Potential Universality of Picturin -- 9.2.3 Impact of Picturing Challenges and -- 9.2.4 Defining Users and User Needs -- 9.2.5 Current Abilities to Define Own Pi -- 9.2.6 Purposes of Picturing Capabilities -- 9.3 Characteristics of a UDOP -- 9.4 Realizing a Future UDOP Capability -- 9.4.1 Developing an Understanding of Com -- 9.4.2 Providing Guidance for Exploitatio -- 9.4.3 Feasibility of UDOP -- 9.4.4 Way Forward -- 9.5 A Few Examples of Remaining Issues -- 9.5.1 Awareness of Information Sources -- 9.5.2 Selecting Information Sources -- 9.5.3 Dealing with Remaining Need-to-Kno.

9.5.4 Catering for Varying End User Expe -- 9.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 User Information Fusion Decision Making Analysis with the C-OODA Model -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Decision Making Models -- 10.2.1 DFIG and OODA Loop -- 10.2.2 Multiplayer OODA -- 10.3 The Cognitive OODA Loop -- 10.3.1 Situation Assessment Models -- 10.3.2 SHOR Model for Action -- 10.3.3 The Skills-Rules-Knowledge Model -- 10.3.4 The Modular OODA (M-OODA) -- 10.3.5 The Cognitive Process Included in -- 10.4 Simulation -- 10.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Scenario-Based Design -- 11 Scenario-Based Design for Situation Analysis -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Findings on SBD Methodology -- 11.2.1 The Proposed SBD Framework for Mi -- 11.2.2 Specifics of the Military Strike -- 11.3 Scenario-Based Design Process Based -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- 12 A Coalition Approach to High-Level Information Fusion -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Vision -- 12.1.2 Content -- 12.2 Scenario -- 12.3 CDIFT -- 12.4 Platforms, Sensor Models, and Track -- 12.4.1 Redland Warships -- 12.4.2 Convoy -- 12.4.3 Commercial Air Corridors -- 12.4.4 Blueland Ground-Based Radars -- 12.4.5 Events and Order of Battle ORBAT -- 12.5 Fusion 2+ -- 12.6 Indicators of Collective Behaviour -- 12.6.1 Indicators of Collective Behaviou -- 12.6.2 Identifying Candidate Clusters -- 12.6.3 Assessing Confidence -- 12.6.4 Inferring Intent -- 12.6.5 CDIFT Application -- 12.7 STDF Model -- 12.7.1 State Representation -- 12.7.2 Observation -- 12.7.3 Prediction and Explanation -- 12.8 Higher COP -- 12.9 Urban Operations -- 12.10 Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) -- 12.11 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Operating Condition Scenario Modeling for Information Fusion Assessment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Sensor-Based Classifier Operating -- 13.1.2 Scenario-Based Evaluation.

13.1.3 Design of Experiments for Scenari -- 13.2 Operating Condition Model Terminolo -- 13.2.1 Direct Versus Indirect OCs -- 13.2.2 Derived OCs -- 13.2.3 Standard OCs Versus Extended OCs -- 13.3 Operating Condition Model Design -- 13.3.1 Bayes Model -- 13.3.2 Bayes Fusion from Real World (Sce -- 13.4 Example Operating Conditions -- 13.4.1 Target OCs -- 13.4.2 Environmental OCs -- 13.4.3 Sensor OCs -- 13.4.4 ATC Training OCs -- 13.4.5 OC Model -- 13.5 Conditioning on Operating Condition -- 13.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part V Measures of Effectiveness -- 14 A Toolbox for the Evaluation of Surveillance Strategies Based on Interpreted Systems -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Situations Generated by Motion and -- 14.2.1 Visibility-Based Pursuit-Evasion -- 14.2.2 Sensor Placement Problem -- 14.2.3 Exploration -- 14.3 Situation Analysis Toolbox -- 14.3.1 Countersmuggling Vignette -- 14.3.2 The Discretization Toolbox -- 14.3.3 The State Generator -- 14.3.4 The State Searching Toolbox -- 14.3.5 The Behavior Simulation Toolbox -- 14.3.6 The Visualization Toolbox -- 14.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Measuring the Worthiness of Situation Assessment -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Situation Assessment Concept -- 15.2.1 Situation Awareness Reference Mod -- 15.2.2 Activities of Interest Snapshot i -- 15.2.3 Data Information Ratio -- 15.3 Metrics -- 15.3.1 AOI Score -- 15.3.2 Measuring How Well We Are Doing -- 15.4 Example -- 15.4.1 Calculated Example with Few Activ -- 15.4.2 Simulated Example with Numerous A -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Measures of Effectiveness for High-Level Information Fusion -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Background -- 16.2.1 Low-Level Versus High-Level Infor -- 16.2.2 High-Level Information Fusion as -- 16.2.3 Information Fusion Systems Evalua -- 16.2.4 Quality of Service/Information Re.

16.2.5 Metric Standardization.