Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Institutional Affiliations of Contributors -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- Chapter 1. Development and Gender Empowerment: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues Kartik C. Roy, Hans C. Blomqvist and Cal Clark -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Development -- 3. The Views of Young Marx on Development -- 4. Gandhi's Ideas on Development -- 5. Background to Understanding Sen's Development Philosophy -- 6. Sen's Concept of Development -- 7. The Link Between Young Marx, Gandhi, and Sen -- 8. Institutional Implications of Sen's Theory of Development -- 9. Sen's Theory of Exchange Entitlement, Endowment, and Poverty -- 10. The Essence of the Theory -- 11. Decomposition of the Theory of Exchange Entitlement -- 12. Poverty and Gender Empowerment -- References -- Chapter 2. Dimensions of Poverty and Discrimination Against Women Kartik C. Roy, Hans C. Blomqvist and Cal Clark -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Access and Returns to Markets -- 3. To Cope with Vulnerability -- 4. Gender Empowerment: Discrimination Against Women -- 5. Dowry and Women's Bargaining Power -- 6. Theories of Household Economy -- 7. The Institution of Marriage -- 8. The Institution of Dowry -- 9. Reasons for Dowry-Giving -- 10. Women's Reproductive Decision -- 11. Education, Health, and Employment -- 11.1. Education -- 11.2. Health -- 11.3. Employment -- 11.4. Vulnerability of female labor -- 12. Ownership of Property -- 13. Technological Development, Transfer, and Adoption -- 14. Violence Against Women -- 14.1. Powerlessness, voicelessness, helplessness, and peacelessness -- 14.2. Physical violence against women -- 15. Women's Participation in Political Governance -- References -- Chapter 3. Can the State and its Institutions Facilitate Gender Empowerment? Kartik C. Roy, Hans C. Blomqvist and Cal Clark -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The State and its Institutions.

3. The Role of The State as the Formidable Institution -- 4. The Demise of the Neo-Classical State -- 5. The New Institutional Economics and Gender Empowerment -- 6. Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and Institutional Non-Compliance Score (INCS) -- 7. Deprivation Scores -- 8. Enforcer of Gender Discrimination: Patriarch or Matriarch -- 8.1. Within the household -- 8.2. Outside the Household -- References -- Chapter 4. Institutions and Gender Empowerment in India Kartik C. Roy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Property Rights, Economic Freedom, and Empowerment -- 2.1. Women's socio-economic status and land rights: Historical perspective -- 2.2. Issue of land rights in post-independence India -- 2.3. Women and the current state of inheritance rights -- 2.4. Women in the total population in need of land rights -- 2.5. Granting land ownership to landless women: Ground realities -- 3. Women's Employment and Income -- 3.1. Other aspects of women's employment status -- 3.2. Income and assets in household bargaining -- 4. Dowry, Assets, and Violence against Women -- 4.1. Dowry-related torture and murder -- 4.2. Infanticide, abortion, and missing women -- 4.3. Vulnerability to other risks -- 5. Gender-related Development Indicators and Deprivation Scores forWomen -- 6. The Constitution, Law, and the Indian State -- 6.1. Laws affecting women's property rights -- 6.2. Laws relating to the prohibition of dowry -- 7. Recent State Actions for Women's Empowerment -- 8. Population Policy and Women's Health -- 9. Piecemeal Approach to Women's Empowerment -- 9.1. Important variables in women's empowerment -- 10. The Failure of the State in Empowering Women -- 11. Recommendations and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5. Gender, Institutions, and Empowerment: Lessons from China Jude Howell -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of Women's Status in China.

3. State Institutions and Women's Empowerment -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Institutions and Gender Empowerment in Taiwan Cal Clark and Janet Clark -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Conflicting Dynamics of Development for the Empowerment of Women -- 3. Women and Development in Taiwan: Fairly Good General Outcomes -- 4. The Impact of Social and Cultural Institutions on Women's Empowerment in Taiwan -- 5. The Impact of Political Institutions on Women's Empowerment in Taiwan -- 6. Institutions and Women's Empowerment in Taiwan -- References -- Chapter 7. Institutions and Women's Empowerment in Kenya Tabitha W. Kiriti-Nganga -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Women's Contribution to Kenya's Economic and Social Development -- 3. To Cope with Vulnerability -- 4. Gender Empowerment: Discrimination against Women in Kenya -- 4.1. Second-class citizens -- 4.2. Citizenship -- 5. Women's Bargaining Power in the Household Economy -- 6. The Institution of Marriage and Dowry -- 7. Women's Reproductive Decision -- 8. Education, Health, and Employment -- 8.1. Education -- 8.2. Health -- 8.3. Employment -- 9. Ownership of Property -- 10. Technological Development, Transfer, and Adoption -- 11. Violence Against Women -- 12. Women's Participation in Political Governance -- 13. The Demise of Neoclassical State and Women's Empowerment -- 13.1. The new institutional economics and gender empowerment -- 14. Institutional Non-Compliance and Women's Deprivation Scores -- 15. Policies and Programs forWomen Empowerment in Kenya -- 16. Summary, Conclusions, and Policy Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 8. Institutions and Gender Empowerment in the Global Economy: The Peruvian Case, 1990-2005 Patricia Fuertes Medina -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analytical Framework: Empowerment and Institutions in the Global Economy -- 2.1. Empowerment and institutions in development.

2.2. Global economy, gender, and labor markets -- 2.3. Regional trends and patterns of the feminization of labor -- 2.3.1. Precarious and exploitative versus decent work -- 2.3.2. Feminization of flexible and informal labor -- 3. The Status of Women in Peru -- 3.1. Country profile -- 3.1.1. Diverse and unequal -- 3.1.1.1. Formal and informal Peru -- 3.1.1.2. Urban and rural differentiation -- 3.1.1.3. Indigenous and non-indigenous Peruvians -- 3.2. Institutional changes in Peru, 1990-2005 -- 3.3. Women in Peru -- 3.3.1. Status of Peruvian women -- 3.3.2. Gender and market liberalization -- 3.3.3. A differentiated process of women's empowerment -- 3.3.4. Decision-making at the household level -- 3.3.5. Countertrends -- 4. Labor Markets and Peruvian Women -- 4.1. MSES and the service sector -- 4.2. Qualifications, education and working categories -- 4.3. Gender and labor status: How decent is work? -- 4.4. Labor, Gender, and Ethnic Gaps -- 5. Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9. Institutions and Gender Empowerment in the Fiji Islands Biman C. Prasad and Nalini Lata -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Political and Economic Status of Women in Fiji -- 3. Institutions, Government Policies, and Programs -- 3.1. Legislative development -- 4. Concluding Comments and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 10. Gender Empowerment and the Status of Women in Great Britain Rene P. McEldowney -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Conflicting Dynamics of Demographic Change -- 3. Women and Education in Great Britain: Exceeding Expectations -- 4. The Economic Status of British Women: Unrealized Potential -- 5. Gender and Power: The Political Status of British Women -- 6. The Status of Women in Great Britain -- References -- Chapter 11. Institutions and Women's Empowerment in the United States Cal Clark and Janet Clark -- 1. Introduction.

2. Background Conditions in the United States -- 3. The Status of American Women in Comparative Perspective -- 4. Expanding Opportunities for American Women in Education and the Economy -- 5. Women's Continuing Problems with Poverty and Inequality -- 6. Institutions and Women's Empowerment in the United States -- References -- Chapter 12. Institutions and Gender Empowerment in Greece Rosita Dellios -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Importance of Women in Economic and Social Development in Greece -- 3. Socio-economic Status vis-à-vis Men -- 4. Indicators4 -- 5. Decomposition of Exchange Entitlement Theory -- 6. Types and Depth of Economic and Social Poverty that Affect Women in Greece -- 7. Discrimination and the Law -- 8. Summary of Findings and Recommendations for Action -- References -- Chapter 13. Institutions and Women's Empowerment in the Contemporary World Cal Clark, Kartik C. Roy and Hans C. Blomqvist -- 1. An Institutional Model of Women's Empowerment -- 2. Testing the Institutional Model -- 2.1. India -- 2.2. China -- 2.3. Taiwan -- 2.4. Kenya -- 2.6. Fiji -- 2.7. United Kingdom -- 2.8. The United States -- 2.9. Greece -- 3. Implications -- References -- Index.