CURBING GRIDLOCK -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- BACKGROUND -- CONCLUSIONS ABOUT CONGESTION PRICING -- Congestion pricing would cause some motorists to change their behavior. -- Congestion pricing would result in a net benefit to society. -- Congestion pricing is technically feasible. -- Institutional issues are complex but can be resolved. -- All income groups can come out ahead given an appropriate distribution of revenues. -- Some motorists would lose. -- Congestion pricing would reduce air pollution and save energy. -- The political feasibility of congestion pricing is uncertain. -- Evaluation of early projects is crucial. -- An incremental approach is appropriate. -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Federal Government -- Congress should extend the pilot program when ISTEA is reauthorized in 1997. -- Public officials (state, local, or regional depending on who has authority) should be given discretion regarding the use of… -- Congress should allow congestion pricing on urban Interstates or other federal-aid routes if called for in state… -- The federal government should provide additional incentives to encourage pricing on more than just single facilities by… -- In cases where high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) lanes on federal-aid facilities have clearly failed to induce ridesharing, or in… -- Because of the unique opportunities offered by congestion pricing projects to learn about behavioral responses to variable… -- Matching project development grants should be made available to local governments, states, toll authorities, and… -- Federal law should treat the tax-exempt status of parking and transit subsidies equally and should require employers who… -- State and Local Governments -- State governments should adopt statutes similar to the California law that requires "cashing out" employee parking. -- RESEARCH PRIORITIES.

1 Introduction -- IMPETUS FOR CONGESTION PRICING -- Congestion -- Efficiency -- Restrictions on Expanding Highway Capacity -- Advances in Technology -- Making the Automobile User Pay -- RESISTANCE TO CONGESTION PRICING -- OUTLINE OF REPORT -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 2 Theory and Experience -- THEORY -- APPLICATION -- EXPERIENCE -- Singapore -- France -- Hong Kong -- Norway -- Other Nations -- U.S. Proposals -- REFERENCES -- 3 Possible Effects -- IMPACT ON TRAVEL -- NET BENEFITS -- DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS -- COMMERCIAL TRAFFIC -- AIR QUALITY -- ENERGY -- URBAN FORM -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 4 Technical and Political Feasibility -- TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY -- Available Technologies -- Privacy -- Enforcement -- Administration -- POLITICAL FEASIBILITY -- General Acceptance -- Distributional Issues -- Areawide Pricing -- Facility Pricing -- Parking Pricing -- Revenue Use -- Summary -- Building Support -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATION -- 5 Design, Evaluation, and Research -- DESIGN ISSUES -- Proposal Development -- Setting the Price -- Available Alternatives -- EVALUATION -- Travel Behavior -- Effects on Facilities -- Impacts on Specific Groups -- Environmental and Energy Consequences -- Effects on Urban Form -- Political and Public Receptivity -- Summary -- OTHER RESEARCH -- Commercial Transportation and Activities -- Impacts on Transit and Other Modes -- Modeling -- Measures of Congestion -- Productivity -- International Experience -- Land Use Changes -- Shifting of Burdens -- Regional Politics -- Tradable Permits -- REFERENCES -- 6 Summary -- POSSIBLE EFFECTS -- Travel Behavior -- Emissions -- Shifts to Alternative Modes -- Fairness -- Specific Facilities -- POLITICAL FEASIBILITY -- IMPORTANCE OF EVALUATION -- Appendix A Traffic Congestion -- TRAVEL DEMAND -- Work Trips -- Nonwork Trips -- Summary.

MEASURING TRAFFIC CONGESTION -- Facility-Based Measure -- Trip-Based Measure -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- ABBREVIATIONS -- Appendix B Theory, Experience, and Estimated Effects -- THEORY -- An Overview -- Theoretical and Practical Challenges -- Questions About Assumptions -- Concerns About Regressivity -- Practical Concerns -- EXPERIENCE -- Singapore -- United States -- ESTIMATED EFFECTS -- REFERENCES -- Study Committee Biographical Information.