Preventing the Forward Contamination of Europa -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Planetary Protection Policies -- HISTORY -- PROTECTING MARS -- BOX 1.1 VIKING'S APPROACH TO BIOLOAD REDUCTION -- Presterilization -- Sterilization -- REFERENCES -- 2 Europa -- EUROPA EXPLORATION STRATEGY -- EUROPA'S RADIATION ENVIRONMENT -- REFERENCES -- 3 Life in Extreme Environments -- EXTREMOPHILES -- EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Sterilization and Cleaning Methods -- CLEANING AND STERILIZATION STANDARDS -- ACHIEVING THE STANDARDS -- BOX 4.1 CURRENT CLEAN-ROOM PROCEDURES -- REFERENCE -- 5 Microbial Detection and Identification -- REFERENCES -- 6 Recommended Planetary Protection Strategy for Europa -- PLANETARY PROTECTION STRATEGY FOR EUROPA -- MAJORITY AND MINORITY VIEWPOINTS -- Applicability of the Current Planetary Protection Strategies to Europa -- Survival of Terrestrial Microbes on Europa -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Appendixes -- A Calculating the Probability of Contamination, Pc, -- A SAMPLE METHODOLOGY -- Microbial Populations On Spacecraft -- F1-Total Number of Cells Relative to Cultured Cells -- F2-Bioburden Reduction Treatment -- F3-Cruise Survival Fraction -- F4-Radiation Survival -- F5-Probability of Landing at an Active Site -- F6-Burial Fraction -- F7-Probability That an Organism Survives and Proliferates -- F7a-Survivability of Exposure Environments -- F7b-Availability of Nutrients -- F7c-Suitability of Energy Sources -- F7d-Suitability for Active Growth -- Joint Probability for F7 -- Conclusions from the Illustrative Calculation -- REFERENCES -- B Glossary.