Annual Report 1998 -- Contents -- 1 Charter and Organization of the Board -- THE FOUNDING CHARTER OF THE SPACE SCIENCE BOARD -- THE SPACE STUDIES BOARD TODAY -- MAJOR FUNCTIONS -- Oversight of Space Research Disciplines -- Interdisciplinary Studies -- International Representation and Cooperation -- Advisory Outreach -- ORGANIZATION -- The Space Studies Board -- Internal and Steering Committees of the Board -- Standing Committees -- Task Groups -- Workshops and Special Projects -- Collaboration with Other NRC Units -- 2 Activities and Membership -- FIRST QUARTER HIGHLIGHTS -- SECOND QUARTER HIGHLIGHTS -- THIRD QUARTER HIGHLIGHTS -- FOURTH QUARTER HIGHLIGHTS -- PERFORMANCE MEASURES -- Membership of the Space Studies Board -- COMMITTEE ON ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS -- CAA Membership -- COMMITTEE ON PLANETARY AND LUNAR EXPLORATION -- COMPLEX Membership -- COMMITTEE ON SOLAR AND SPACE PHYSICS -- CSSP Membership -- COMMITTEE ON EARTH STUDIES -- CES Membership -- COMMITTEE ON SPACE BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE -- CSBM Membership -- COMMITTEE ON MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH -- CMGR Membership -- COMMITTEE ON HUMAN EXPLORATION -- CHEX Membership -- COMMITTEE ON INTERNATIONAL SPACE PROGRAMS -- CISP Membership -- JOINT COMMITTEE ON TECHNOLOGY -- JCT Membership -- TASK GROUP ON GROUND-BASED SOLAR RESEARCH -- TGGSR Membership -- TASK GROUP ON SAMPLE RETURN FROM SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES -- TGSRSSSB Membership -- TASK GROUP ON RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS PROGRAMS -- TGRAP Membership -- TASK GROUP ON TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NASA'S OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE -- TGTOSS Membership -- WORKSHOP ON BIOLOGY-BASED TECHNOLOGY FOR ENHANCED SPACE EXPLORATION -- Steering Group Membership -- WORKSHOP ON SUBSTELLAR-MASS OBJECTS -- Steering Group for WSMO Membership -- WORKSHOP ON SIZE LIMITS OF VERY SMALL MICROORGANISMS -- Steering Group on Astrobiology Membership -- 3 Summaries of Major Reports.

3.1 REPORT OF THE WORKSHOP ON BIOLOGY-BASED TECHNOLOGY TO ENHANCE HUMAN WELL-BEING AND FUNCTION IN EXTENDED SPACE EXPLORATION -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR APPLYING BIOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES -- Enhancing Human Well-Being -- Topics for Follow-on Workshops -- Research Areas Offering Short-Term Payoffs -- Research Areas Offering Long-Term Payoffs -- Enhancing Human Presence and Function -- Topics for Follow-on Workshops -- Research Areas Offering Short-Term Payoffs -- Research Areas Offering Long-Term Payoffs -- 3.2 THE EXPLORATION OF NEAR-EARTH OBJECTS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- 3.3 EXPLORING THE TRANS-NEPTUNIAN SOLAR SYSTEM -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- TRANS-NEPTUNIAN OBJECTS -- Triton -- Pluto and Charon -- Kuiper Belt Objects -- Centaurs -- KEY MEASUREMENTS -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Spacecraft Missions -- Augmentations -- Spacecraft Technology -- Telescopic Observations -- Augmentations -- Research and Analysis -- REFERENCES -- 3.4 DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF SMALL SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADARS -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- SPACEBORNE SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR -- Background and Task -- STRATEGY AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- CONCLUSION -- 3.5 READINESS FOR THE UPCOMING SOLAR MAXIMUM -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- AGENCY-SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS -- National Aeronautics and Space Administration -- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration -- National Science Foundation -- Department of Defense -- Department of Energy -- CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 3.6 U.S.-EUROPEAN COLLABORATION IN SPACE SCIENCE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- THE JOINT COMMITTEE'S TASK -- APPROACH -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Goals and Rationale for International Cooperation -- Recommendation 1 -- Planning and Identification of Cooperative Opportunities -- Recommendation 2 -- Recommendation 3 -- Recommendation 4 -- Recommendation 5.

Management and Implementation -- Recommendation 6 -- Recommendation 7 -- Personnel -- Recommendation 8 -- Recommendation 9 -- Guidelines and Procedures -- Recommendation 10 -- Recommendation 11 -- Recommendation 12 -- Recommendation 13 -- Recommendation 14 -- 3.7 A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH IN SPACE BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE IN THE NEW CENTURY -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- PRIORITIES FOR RESEARCH -- HIGH-PRIORITY DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC RESEARCH -- Cell Biology -- Developmental Biology -- Complete Life Cycles in Microgravity -- Development of the Vestibular System -- Neural Space Maps -- Neuroplasticity -- Plants, Gravity, and Space -- Space Horticulture -- Role of Gravity in Plant Development -- Responses of Plants to Change in Direction of the Gravity Vector -- Sensorimotor Integration -- Spatial Orientation -- Posture and Locomotion -- Vestibulo-Ocular Reflexes and Oculomotor Control -- Space Motion Sickness -- Bone Physiology -- Studies on Humans -- Animal Models -- Skeletal Muscle -- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Systems -- Cardiovascular System -- Pulmonary System -- Endocrinology -- Immunology -- Animal Studies -- Human Studies -- Radiation Hazards -- Behavioral Issues -- CROSSCUTTING RESEARCH PRIORITIES -- Physiological and Psychological Effects of Spaceflight -- Loss of Weight-bearing Bone and Muscle -- Vestibular Function, the Vestibular Ocular Reflex, and Sensorimotor Integration -- Orthostatic Intolerance Upon Return to Earth Gravity -- Radiation Hazards -- Physiological Effects of Stress -- Psychological and Social Issues -- Fundamental Gravitational Biology -- Mechanisms of Graviperception and Gravitropism in Plants -- Mechanisms of Graviperception in Animals -- Effects of Spaceflight on Reproduction and Development -- PROGRAMMATIC AND POLICY ISSUES -- Space-based Research -- Development of Advanced Instrumentation and Methodologies.

Utilization of the International Space Station for Life Sciences Research -- Science Policy Issues -- Peer Review -- Integration of Research Activities -- Human Flight Data: Collection and Access -- Publication and Outreach -- Professional Education -- REFERENCES -- 3.8 EVALUATING THE BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL IN SAMPLES RETURNED FROM PLANETARY SATELLITES AND SMALL SOLA... -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- STUDY APPROACH -- FINDINGS -- Planetary Satellites -- Asteroids -- Comets -- Cosmic Dust -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Containment of Returned Samples -- Handling of Returned Samples -- Scientific Investigations to Reduce Uncertainty -- REFERENCES -- 3.9 SUPPORTING RESEARCH AND DATA ANALYSIS IN NASA'S SCIENCE PROGRAMS: ENGINES FOR INNOVATION AND SYN... -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- SCOPE AND CONTENT OF REPORT -- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Principles for Strategic Planning -- Innovation and Infrastructure -- Management of the Research and Data Analysis Programs -- Participation in the Research and Data Analysis Programs -- Creation of Intellectual Capital -- Accounting as a Management Tool in Research and Data Analysis Programs -- 3.10 ASSESSMENT OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT IN NASA'S OFFICE OF SPACE SCIENCE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- REFERENCE -- 3.11 GROUND-BASED SOLAR RESEARCH: AN ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- THE ROLE OF GROUND-BASED PROGRAMS IN SOLAR RESEARCH -- THE CURRENT U.S. GROUND-BASED SOLAR RESEARCH PROGRAM -- Major Solar Observational Facilities -- Data, Theory, and Modeling -- People, Programs, and Institutions -- A STRATEGY TO STRENGTHEN GROUND-BASED SOLAR RESEARCH -- Recommendations Regarding Facilities -- Recommendations Regarding Data, People, Programs, and Institutions -- 3.12 FAILED STARS AND SUPER PLANETS: A REPORT BASED ON THE JANUARY 1998 WORKSHOP ON SUBSTELLAR-MASS ... -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.

THE WORKSHOP ON SUBSTELLAR-MASS OBJECTS -- FINDINGS -- Status of Current Research Activities -- The Most Compelling Issues for Near-Term Study -- Contributions to Broader Scientific Goals -- Opportunities for Interdisciplinary Research -- The Contribution of Studies of SMOs to Achieving Long-Term Scientific Priorities -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 4 Short Reports -- 4.1 ON ESA'S FIRST AND PLANCK MISSIONS -- 4.2 ON CLIMATE CHANGE RESEARCH MEASUREMENTS FROM NPOESS -- Interactions Between Research and Operational Earth Observation Systems: Initial Steps -- General Issues -- Ranking of Climate Observables -- Actions for NOAA and NASA -- NPOESS -- ESE -- Climate Research and Monitoring -- Next Steps for the Committee on Earth Studies -- Reference -- 4.3 ASSESSMENT OF NASA'S MARS EXPLORATION ARCHITECTURE -- COMPLEX's ASSESSMENT OF NASA'S MARS EXPLORATION ARCHITECTURE -- Architecture Design -- Rephrase the Objectives in the Goal Statement -- Develop Plans to Integrate the Program Elements -- Architecture Implementation -- Consider Contingencies, Discoveries, Descopes, and the Role of a Science Definition Team -- Ensure Valid Sample and Science Return -- Maintain Flexibility for Accessing High-Priority Landing Sites -- Promote Associated Enabling and Enhancing Activities -- Micromissions -- Uncommitted Payload Mass -- Operational Tests -- Enhancements and Descope Options -- Plan for Activities Related to Sample Return and Data Analysis -- Integrate Public Outreach and Science Activities -- Budgetary and Technology Concerns -- Better Definition of Program Costs -- Reduce Risk in the Sample-Return Process -- Ensure That the Program Is Driven by Science -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- 5 Cumulative Bibliography.