TOWARD PROTO-NOSTRATIC -- Editorial page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- FOREWORD -- PREFACE -- Table of contents -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. PREFATORY REMARKS -- 1.2. THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES -- 1.3. THE AFROASIATIC LANGUAGES -- 2. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN CONSONANT SYSTEM -- 2.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 2.2. THE LARYNGEALS -- 2.3. THE VOICELESS ASPIRATES -- 2.4. THE GUTTURAL S -- 2.5. THE EJECTIVES -- 2.6. THE TRADITIONAL VOICED ASPIRATES -- 2.7. THE RESONANTS -- 2.8. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- 3. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN VOWEL SYSTEM -- 3.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 3.2. VOWEL GRADATION -- 3.3. CRITIQUE OF THE TRADITIONAL RECONSTRUCTION -- 3.4. EARLIEST PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN VOWEL SYSTEM -- 3.5. THE LONG VOWELS -- 3.6. THE VOWELS */i/ AND */ u/ -- 3.7. ANATOLIAN -- 3.8. THE PH0NEMICIZATI0N OF */e/ AND */o/ -- 3.9. THE DIPHTHONGS -- 3.10. NON-APOPHONIC */e/ AND */o/ -- 3.11. DISINTEGRATING INDO-EUROPEAN */a/ -- 4. ACCENTUATION IN THE INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES -- 4.1. OLD INDIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.2. GREEK ACCENTUATION -- 4.3. GERMANIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.4. SLAVIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.5. CELTIC ACCENTUATION -- 4.6. ITALIC ACCENTUATIO N -- 4.7. ARMENIAN ACCENTUATION -- 4.8. SUMMARY/PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 5. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PIE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM IN THE NON-ANATOLIAN DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 5.1. DISINTEGRATING INDO-EUROPEAN -- 5.2. INDO-IRANIAN -- 5.3. SLAVIC -- 5.4. BALTIC -- 5.5. ARMENIAN -- 5.6. GERMANIC -- 5.7. CELTIC -- 5.8. ITALIC -- 5.9. GREEK -- 5.10. TOCHARIAN -- 5.11. ALBANIAN -- 6. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PIE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM IN THE ANATOLIAN DAUGHTER LANG UAGES -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. PROTO-ANATOLIAN -- 6.3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTO-ANATOLIAN PHONOLOGICAL SY STEM -- 6.4. EXAMPLES OF THE VOWELS -- 6.5. NOTES ON THE VOWELS -- 6.6. EXAMPLES OF THE GLIDES -- 6.7. EXAMPLES OF THE RESONANTS.

6.8. NOTES ON THE RESONANTS -- 6.9. EXAMPLES OF THE CONSONANTS -- 6.10. NOTES ON THE CONSONANTS -- 6.11. THE LARYNGEALS -- 6.12. EXAMPLES OF THE LARYNGEALS -- 6.13. THE LARYNGEALS /?, h/ -- 6.14. EXAMPLES OF /?, h/ -- 7. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-AFROASIATIC CONSONANT SYSTEM -- 7.1. INTRODUCTION -- 7.2. THE EMPHATICS -- 7.3. THE LABIALS -- 7.4. EXAMPLES OF THE LABIALS -- 7.5. THE DENTALS -- 7.6. EXAMPLES OF THE DENTALS -- 7.7. THE DENTAL AFFRICATES -- 7.8. EXAMPLES OF THE DENTAL AFFRICATES -- 7.9. THE PALATALIZED ALVEOLARS -- 7.10. EXAMPLES OF THE PALATALIZED ALVEOLARS -- 7.11. THE SIBILANTS -- 7.12. EXAMPLES OF THE SIBILANTS -- 7.13. THE LATERALIZED AFFRICATES -- 7.14. EXAMPLES OF THE LATERALIZED AFFRICATES -- 7.15. THE GUTTURALS -- 7.16. EXAMPLES OF THE GUTTURALS -- 7.17. GLIDES AND LIQUIDS -- 7.18. EXAMPLES OF THE GLIDES -- 7.19. EXAMPLES OF THE LIQUIDS -- 7.20. GLOTTAL STOP AND GLOTTAL AND PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVES -- 7.21. EXAMPLES OF THE GLOTTAL STOP AND GLOTTAL AND PHARYNGEAL FRICATIVES -- 7.22. THE AFROASIATIC DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 8. THE RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PROTO-AFROASIATIC VOWEL SYSTEM -- 8.1. THE DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 8.2. THE SEMITIC DAUGHTER LANGUAGES -- 8.3. PROTO-AFROA SIATIC -- 9. COMPARISON OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN AND PROTO-AFROASIATIC -- 9.1. INTRODUCTION -- 9.2. PROTO-AFROASIATIC AND PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- 9.3. PR0T0-AFR0ASIATIC/PR0T0-IND0-EUR0PEAN CORRESPONDENCES -- 9.4. THE LABIALS -- 9.5. THE DENTALS, VELARS, GLIDES, NASALS, AND LIQUIDS -- 9.6. THE DENTAL AFFRICATES -- 9.7. THE LATERALIZED AFFRICATES -- 9.8. THE POSTVELARS -- 9.9. THE SIBILANTS -- 9.10. THE PALATALIZED AND LABIALIZED CONSONANTS -- 9.11. THE LARYNGEALS -- 9.12. THE PR0T0-N0STRATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM -- 9.13. PREFACE TO THE EXAMPLES -- 9.14. PAA *p = PIE *p: -- 9.15. PAA *b = PIE *b: -- 9.16. PAA *ƒ = PIE *p: -- 9.17. PAA *t = PIE *t:.

9.18. PAA *d = PIE *d: -- 9.19. PAA *t' = PIE *t': -- 9.20. PAA * = PIE *t: -- 9.21. PAA * = PIE *d: -- 9.22. PAA * ' = PIE *t': -- 9.23. PAA *ty = PIE *t: -- 9.24. PAA *dy = PIE *d: -- 9.25. PAA *t'Y = PIE *t': -- 9.26. PAA *s = PIE *s: -- 9.27. PAA *š = PIE *s: -- 9.28. PAA * = PIE *k: -- 9.29. PAA * ' = PIE *k': -- 9.30. PAA *ky = PIE *k: -- 9.31. PAA *gy = PIE *g: -- 9.32. PAA *k'y = PIE *k': -- 9.33. PAA *k = PIE *k: -- 9.34. PAA *g = PIE *g: -- 9.35. PAA *k' = PIE *k': -- 9.36. PAA *kw = PIE *kw: -- 9.37. PAA *gw = PIE *gw: -- 9.38. PAA *k'w = PIE *k'w: -- 9.39. PAA *? = PIE *?: -- 9.40. PAA *h = PIE *h: -- 9.41. PAA= PIE -- 9.42. PAA= PIE -- 9.43. PAA *h = PIE *x: -- 9.44. PAA = PIE -- 9.45. PAA *w = PIE *w: -- 9.46. PAA *y = PIE *y: -- 9.47. PAA *m = PIE *m: -- 9.48. PAA *n = PIE *n: -- 9.49. PAA *l = PIE *l: -- 9.50. PAA *r = PIE *r: -- 10. PROBLEMS OF ROOT STRUCTURE -- 10.1. INTRODUCTION -- 10.2. ROOT STRUCTURE IN PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN -- 10.3. ROOT STRUCTURE IN PROTO-AFROASIATIC -- POSTSCRIPT -- REFERENCES -- INDEX VERBORUM.