Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Catalysis -- 1.1 The Phenomenon of Catalysis -- 1.2 The Activation Energy of Catalysed Reactions -- 1.3 Ways of Using Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 1.4 Understanding Catalysed Reactions -- 1.5 The Catalytic Activities of Metals -- 1.6 Catalysis in Bimetallic Systems -- References -- Chapter 2 The Physical and Chemical Properties of Gold -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Origin of Relativistic Effects 4-14 -- 2.3 Comparisons of the Chemistry of Gold with that of the Adjacent Elements -- 2.4 The Aurophilic Bond -- 2.5 Physical Properties of Gold and Adjacent Elements -- 2.5.1 Bulk properties -- 2.5.2 The structure of single-crystal surfaces -- 2.6 Bimetallic Systems Containing Gold -- References -- Chapter 3 Physical Properties and Characterisation of Small Gold Particles -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Ways of Preparing Small Particles of Gold -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Gaseous clusters -- 3.2.3 Colloidal gold -- 3.2.4 Other methods -- 3.3 Techniques for the Study of Small Particles of Gold -- 3.3.1 Determination of size and structure -- 3.3.2 Investigation of optoelectronic parameters -- 3.3.3 Other methods -- 3.4 Variation of Physical Properties with Size -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Structure of gaseous and ligand-stabilised clusters -- 3.4.3 Structure of small supported gold particles -- 3.4.4 Optoelectronic properties of clusters and small supported particles -- 3.5 Metal-Support Interactions -- 3.5.1 Particle shape and bonding to support -- 3.5.2 Influence of the support on gold particles -- 3.5.3 Influence of gold particles on the support -- References -- Chapter 4 Preparation of Supported Gold Catalysts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Principles of the preparation methods and definitions -- 4.1.2 Gold speciation -- 4.1.3 Fulminating gold.

4.2 Methods of Preparation using Gold Chloride Precursors -- 4.2.1 Impregnation -- 4.2.2 Coprecipitation -- 4.2.3 Deposition-precipitation -- 4.2.4 Deposition-precipitation with urea (DPU) -- 4.2.5 Anion adsorption -- 4.2.6 Removal of chloride when using gold chloride precursors -- 4.3 Methods of Preparation using Chloride-Free Gold Precursors -- 4.3.1 Impregnation in the aqueous phase -- 4.3.2 Deposition of gold-phosphine complexes -- 4.3.3 Deposition of other organogold complexes -- 4.3.4 Chemical vapour deposition -- 4.3.5 Cation exchange and adsorption -- 4.3.6 Deposition of colloidal gold onto supports -- 4.3.7 Deposition of dendrimer-stabilised gold particles -- 4.4 Less Conventional Methods -- 4.4.1 Sol-gel method -- 4.4.2 Photochemical deposition -- 4.4.3 Sonochemical techniques -- 4.4.4 Spray techniques -- 4.4.5 Low-energy cluster or atom beam deposition -- 4.4.6 Direct oxidation of bulk alloy -- 4.4.7 Solvated metal atom dispersion or impregnation (SMADorSMAI) -- 4.5 Preparation of Gold Catalysts on Specific Supports -- 4.5.1 Gold in zeolites -- 4.5.2 Gold in ordered mesoporous silica -- 4.5.3 Gold in titanosilicate -- 4.5.4 Gold on carbon supports -- 4.6 Preparation of Supported Bimetallic Catalysts Containing Gold -- 4.6.1 Introduction -- 4.6.2 Methods without interaction between precursors in solution -- 4.6.2.1 Co-impregnation -- 4.6.2.2 Co-adsorption of cations -- 4.6.2.3 Co-deposition-precipitation -- 4.6.2.4 Photoreduction -- 4.6.3 Redox methods for preparing bimetallic catalysts -- 4.6.4 Use of a bimetallic precursor -- 4.6.4.1 Adsorption of bimetallic molecular clusters -- 4.6.4.2 Deposition of bimetallic colloids -- 4.6.4.3 Deposition of dendrimer-stabilised bimetallic particles -- 4.6.4.4 Low-energy cluster deposition.

4.7 Influence of the Thermal Treatment on Gold Particle Size -- 4.7.1 Nature of the gas -- 4.7.2 Gas flow rate and sample weight -- 4.7.3 Effect of the temperature of thermal treatment -- 4.8 Effect of Conditions of Storage on Size of Gold Particles -- 4.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Chemisorption of Simple Molecules on Gold -- 5.1 Introduction: Chemisorption and Catalysis -- 5.2 Interaction of Oxygen with Gold -- 5.2.1 Interaction with gold clusters -- 5.2.2 Chemisorption of oxygen on gold surfaces -- 5.2.3 Finale -- 5.3 Chemisorption of Carbon Monoxide on Gold -- 5.3.1 Reaction of carbon monoxide with gaseous gold clusters -- 5.3.2 Chemisorption of carbon monoxide on massive gold surfaces -- 5.3.3 The bonding of carbon monoxide to gold and results of DFT calculations -- 5.3.4 Chemisorption of carbon monoxide on supported gold catalysts -- 5.4 Chemisorption of the Oxides of Nitrogen on Gold Surfaces -- 5.5 The Chemisorption of Hydrogen and of Other Molecules on Gold -- 5.5.1 Hydrogen -- 5.5.2 Other molecules -- Appendix: Introduction to Density Functional Theory -- References -- Chapter 6 Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sensitivity of Gold Catalysts towards Reaction Conditions -- 6.2.1 Reproducibility of preparative method -- 6.2.2 Conditions of activation -- 6.2.3 Conditions of reaction and the influence of moisture -- 6.2.4 Expression of the results -- 6.2.5 Kinetics of carbon monoxide oxidation -- 6.2.6 Deactivation and regeneration -- 6.3 Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide on Various Supported Gold Catalysts -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Influence of the nature of the support -- 6.3.3 Influence of the method of preparation -- 6.3.3.1 Iron oxides -- 6.3.3.2 Titania -- 6.3.3.3 Alumina -- 6.3.3.4 Microporous and mesoporous silica -- 6.3.3.5 Zirconia -- 6.3.3.6 Ceria -- 6.3.3.7 Magnesia.

6.3.3.8 Acidic supports -- 6.3.3.9 Conclusions -- 6.4 Oxidation State of Gold in Active Catalysts -- 6.5 Particle Size and Metal-Support Interaction -- 6.6 Mechanisms of Carbon Monoxide Oxidation -- 6.6.1 Introduction -- 6.6.2 Mechanisms on gold particle only -- 6.6.3 Mechanisms involving the support -- 6 .7 Retrospect and Prospect -- References -- Chapter 7 The Selective Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide in Hydrogen -- 7.1 Introduction: The Nature of the Problem -- 7.1.1 The chemical industry's need for hydrogen -- 7.1.2 Pure hydrogen for use in fuel cells -- 7.2 The Oxidation of Hydrogen to Water -- 7.3 Selective Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide in Hydrogen -- 7.3.1 Tour d'horizon -- 7.3.2 Catalysis by gold on ferric oxide -- 7.3.3 Gold on other supports -- 7.3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Selective Oxidation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 A survey of selective oxidation -- 8.1.2 Reaction mechanisms and the use of bimetallic catalysts -- 8.2 Selective Oxidation of Hydrocarbons -- 8.2.1 Oxidation of propene -- 8.2.2 Oxidation of other alkenes -- 8.2.3 Oxidation of cyclohexane -- 8.2.4 Oxidation of alkanes -- 8.3 Selective Oxidation of Oxygen-Containing Molecules -- 8.3.1 Introduction -- 8.3.2 Oxidation of reducing sugars -- 8.3.3 Oxidation of other aldehydes -- 8.3.4 Oxidation of a C6 polyhydric alcohol: sorbitol -- 8.3.5 Oxidation of diols -- 8.3.6 Oxidation of a triol: glycerol -- 8.3.7 Oxidation of monofunctional alcohols -- 8.4 Synthesis of Vinyl Acetate (Ethenyl Ethanoate) -- 8.5 Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Reactions Involving Hydrogen -- 9.1 Introduction: The Interaction of Hydrogen with Gold -- 9.2 Reactions of Hydrogen -- 9.3 Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Molecules and Related Reactions -- 9.3.1 The carbon-carbon double bond -- 9.3.2 Alkynes and alkadienes.

9.3.3 Aromatic molecules -- 9.3.4 Related reactions -- 9.4 Chemoselective Hydrogenation -- 9.5 Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide -- 9.6 Dehydrogenation -- 9.6.1 Introduction -- 9.6.2 Methanol -- 9.6.3 Methanoic acid -- 9.6.4 Other reactions producing hydrogen -- References -- Chapter 10 The Water-Gas Shift -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Gold as a Catalyst for the Water-Gas Shift -- 10.2.1 Introduction -- 10.2.2 Titania ferric oxide and similar supports -- 10.2.3 Ceria and ceria-zirconia as supports -- 10.3 Mechanism of the Gold-Catalysed Water-Gas Shift -- 10.3.1 Gold on ceria and ceria-zirconia -- 10.4 Gold on other Oxides -- 10.5 Gold-Containing Bimetallic Catalysts -- References -- Chapter 11 Reactions of Environmental Importance -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Catalytic Treatment of Vehicle Exhaust -- 11.2.1 Introduction -- 11.2.2 The problem of the nitrogen oxides -- 11.2.3 Selective reduction of nitrogen oxides with propene -- 11.2.4 Reduction of nitrogen oxides with carbon monoxide -- 11.2.5 Reduction of nitrogen oxides by hydrogen -- 11.2.6 Removal of nitrous oxide -- 11.2.7 Gold-containing catalysts for treating vehicle exhaust -- 11.3 Destruction of Other Atmospheric Pollutants -- 11.3.1 Methane -- 11.3.2 Removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) -- 11.3.3 Oxidative decomposition of dioxins -- 11.3.4 Hydrodechlorination of chlorofluorocarbons -- 11.3.5 Hydrodechlorination of 24-dichlorophenol -- 11.3.6 Removal of chlorinated hydrocarbons -- 11.3.7 Ozone decomposition -- 11.3.8 Reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia -- 11.4 Removal of Sulfur Dioxide -- 11.5 Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) -- References -- Chapter 12 Catalysis by Soluble and Supported Gold Compounds -- 12.1 Overview of Homogeneous Catalysis by Gold -- 12.2 Reactions with High Turnover Numbers and Frequencies.

12.3 Gold Compounds as Catalysts for Organic Synthesis.