Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Pesticide Chemistry and Risk Assessment -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION -- 1.2 PESTICIDE CHEMISTRY -- 1.2.1 Historical Perspective -- 1.2.2 Identity and Physicochemical Properties of Pesticides -- 1.2.3 Pesticide Classification -- 1.2.4 Modes of Action (MoA) -- 1.3 PESTICIDE METABOLITES AND TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS -- 1.3.1 Biotransformation -- 1.3.2 Environmental Fate -- 1.4 RISK ASSESSMENT -- 1.4.1 Safety Factors -- 1.4.2 Ecological Risk Assessment for Pesticides -- 1.5 DIETARY EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES -- 1.5.1 Acute Exposure or Short-Term Intake -- 1.5.2 Chronic Exposure or Long-Term Intake -- 1.5.3 Cumulative Exposure to Multiple Substances -- 1.6 PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN FOOD -- 1.6.1 Maximum Residue Limits -- 1.6.2 Residue Definition -- 1.6.3 Reporting of Results -- 1.6.4 Residue Analysis -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Legislation, Monitoring, and Analytical Quality Control for Pesticide Residues -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 FOOD SAFETY -- 2.2.1 CAC of Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization -- 2.2.2 EU Legislation -- 2.2.3 US Food Regulations -- 2.3 WATER QUALITY -- 2.3.1 WHO -- 2.3.2 EU Water Framework Directive -- 2.3.3 US EPA Legislation -- 2.4 METHOD VALIDATION AND QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR PESTICIDE RESIDUES ANALYSIS -- 2.4.1 CAC Guidelines -- 2.4.2 EU Guidelines: SANCO Document -- 2.4.3 FDA and EPA Guidelines -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Advanced Sample Preparation Techniques for MS Analysis -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 CONVENTIONAL EXTRACTION AND CLEANUP PROCEDURES -- 3.2.1 LLE -- 3.2.2 SPE -- 3.2.3 MSPD -- 3.2.4 QuEChERS -- 3.3 MICROEXTRACTION TECHNIQUES -- 3.3.1 Sorbent-Based Microextraction Techniques -- 3.3.2 Liquid-Based Microextraction Techniques -- 3.4 ALTERNATIVE EXTRACTION AND CLEANUP PROCEDURES.

3.4.1 Alternative Energy Sources to Enhance the Extraction -- 3.4.2 Coupled-Column Liquid Chromatography (LC/PC, LC/LC Techniques) -- 3.4.3 Direct Analysis in Real Time -- 3.5 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 Recent Developments in Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 ADVANCES IN GC SEPARATIONS -- 4.2.1 Multidimensional and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography -- 4.2.2 Fast GC -- 4.2.3 LPGC -- 4.3 MASS SPECTROMETRIC IONIZATION TECHNIQUES -- 4.3.1 Electron Impact Ionization (EI) -- 4.3.2 CI (Positive/Negative Modes) -- 4.3.3 Atmospheric Pressure GC-MS -- 4.4 MASS ANALYZERS INTERFACED TO GC -- 4.4.1 Quadrupole Mass Analyzer -- 4.4.2 Ion Trap Mass Analyzer -- 4.4.3 QqQ -- 4.4.4 TOF -- 4.5 MASS SPECTRAL LIBRARIES AND SOFTWARE APPROACHES IN GC-MS ANALYSIS -- 4.6. MATRIX EFFECTS IN GC-MS ANALYSIS -- 4.7 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Recent Developments in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Advances in Liquid Chromatographic Separations and Ionization Techniques/Interfaces -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.2 ADVANCES IN LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATIONS -- 5.2.1 Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography -- 5.2.2 Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography -- 5.3 IONIZATION TECHNIQUES/INTERFACES -- 5.3.1 Atmospheric Pressure Ionization Techniques -- 5.3.2 Direct Electron Ionization -- 5.4 AMBIENT IONIZATION TECHNIQUES -- 5.4.1 DESI, Paper Spray, and Low-Temperature Plasma Ambient Ionization -- 5.4.2 Direct Analysis in Real Time -- 5.4.3 Atmospheric Pressure Glow-Discharge Ionization -- 5.5 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Recent Developments in Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Mass Detectors -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION: MASS SPECTROMETERS -- 6.1.1 Triple Quadrupole Mass Analyzer -- 6.1.2 Quadrupole Ion Trap and Triple Quadrupole Linear Ion Trap -- 6.1.3 TOF Mass Analyzer.

6.1.4 Hybrid TOF -- 6.1.5 Orbitrap Mass Analyzer -- 6.2 COMPARISON AND COMPLEMENTARITIES OF DIFFERENT MASS ANALYZERS IN THE LC-MS ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND THEIR METABOLITES -- 6.2.1 Dynamic Range -- 6.2.2 Scan Rate -- 6.2.3 LODs -- 6.2.4 Mass Accuracy -- 6.2.5 Resolution -- 6.2.6 Selectivity -- 6.2.7 Mass Range -- 6.2.8 Fragmentation -- 6.2.9 Identification Capabilities -- 6.2.10 Quantification -- 6.3 USE OF SOFTWARE TECHNIQUES AND SPECTRAL LIBRARIES IN LC-MS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 Matrix Effects in Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry -- 7.1 INTRODUCTION -- 7.1.1 Some Definitions -- 7.1.2 Differences between Matrix Effects in GC and LC Methods -- 7.1.3 Differences between ESI and Other API Methods -- 7.1.4 A Typical Alarming Situation -- 7.2 DETECTION OF MATRIX EFFECTS -- 7.2.1 Calibration in Solvent versus Matrix-Matched Calibration -- 7.2.2 Postcolumn Infusion -- 7.2.3 Stable Isotope-Labeled Standards -- 7.3 REDUCTION OF MATRIX EFFECTS -- 7.3.1 Change of LC Conditions -- 7.3.2 Change of MS Conditions -- 7.3.3 Better Cleanup -- 7.3.4 Backflush of LC Columns -- 7.3.5 Dilute-and-Shoot -- 7.4 COMPENSATION OF MATRIX EFFECTS -- 7.4.1 Internal standards (IS) -- 7.4.2 Matrix-Matched Standards -- 7.4.3 Postcolumn Infusion -- 7.4.4 Standard Addition -- 7.5 AN ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN MATRIX EFFECTS -- 7.5.1 Substance Classes Causing Matrix Effects -- 7.5.2 Tentative Mechanisms of Matrix Effects -- 7.5.3 A Recent View on the Mechanism of Ion Suppression -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Pesticide Residues and Their Metabolites in Food Samples -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 APPLICATION OF LC-QQQ-MS/MS FOR THE TARGETED ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN FOOD SAMPLES -- 8.2.1 Sensitivity -- 8.2.2 Linearity -- 8.2.3 Matrix Effects.

8.3 APPLICATION OF LC-HRMS TO THE ANALYSIS OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN FOOD SAMPLES -- 8.3.1 Detection and Identification -- 8.3.2 Resolution -- 8.3.3 MS/MS Identification -- 8.3.4 Sensitivity -- 8.3.5 Linearity -- 8.3.6 Matrix Effect -- 8.4. DATA PROCESSING: AUTOMATED DATABASE SEARCHES -- 8.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 Application of LC-MS/MS and LC-TOF-MS for the Identification of Pesticide Residues and Their Metabolites in Environmental Samples -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION AND OCCURRENCE OF PESTICIDES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES -- 9.2 STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNIQUES FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF PESTICIDES AND THEIR DEGRADATION PRODUCTS -- 9.2.1 LC-MS/MS for the Analysis of Target Compounds -- 9.2.2 LC-TOF-MS and LC-QTOF-MS for the Analysis of Target and Nontarget Compounds -- 9.3 USE OF ACCURATE MASS TOOLS FOR THE IDENTIFICTION OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES AND THEIR METABOLITES IN FOOD AND WATER SAMPLES -- 9.3.1 Molecular Features -- 9.3.2 Accurate Mass Filters and Isotopic Mass Defect -- 9.3.3 Diagnostic Ion Approach -- 9.3.4 Accurate Mass Databases -- 9.3.5 Accurate Mass Profiling -- 9.4 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Mass Spectrometric Techniques for the Determination of Pesticide Transformation Products Formed by Advanced Oxidation Processes -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION -- 10.3 HYPHENATED MS TECHNIQUES -- 10.3.1 Low-Resolution Mass Spectrometry: Single-Stage Quadrupole -- 10.3.2 Identification of Pesticide TPs by GC-MS -- 10.3.3 Identification of Pesticide TPs by LC-MS -- 10.3.4 Identification of Pesticide TPs by the Combination of GC-MS and LC-MS -- 10.4 TANDEM MS -- 10.4.1 Identification of Pesticide TPs by QqQ-MS -- 10.4.2 Identification of Pesticide TPs by IT-MS -- 10.5 HRMS -- 10.5.1 Single Mass Analyzer -- 10.5.2 Hybrid HR Mass Spectrometers -- 10.6 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES.

REFERENCES -- Index -- Series Page -- EULA.