Cover -- Laser Velocimetry in Fluid Mechanics -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Measurement Needs in Fluid Mechanics -- 1.1. Navier-Stokes equations -- 1.2. Similarity parameters -- 1.3. Scale notion -- 1.4. Equations for turbulent flows and for Reynolds stress tensor -- 1.5. Spatial-temporal correlations -- 1.6. Turbulence models -- 1.6.1. Zero equation model -- 1.6.2. One equation model -- 1.6.3. Two equations model -- 1.6.4. Reynolds stress models (RSM, ARSM) -- 1.7. Conclusion -- 1.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 2. Classification of Laser Velocimetry Techniques -- 2.1. Generalities -- 2.2. Definitions and vocabulary -- 2.3. Specificities of LDV -- 2.3.1. Advantages -- 2.3.2. Use limitations -- 2.4. Application domain of laser velocimeters (LDV, PIV, DGV) -- 2.5. Velocity measurements based on interactions with molecules -- 2.5.1. Excitation by electron beams -- 2.5.2. Laser fluorescence -- 2.5.3. Spectroscopy with a tunable laser diode in the infrared -- 2.5.4. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering technique -- 2.5.5. Tagging techniques -- 2.5.6. Summary -- 2.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 3. Laser Doppler Velocimetry -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Basic idea: Doppler effect -- 3.2.1. Double Doppler effect -- 3.2.2. Four optical set-ups -- 3.2.3. Comments on the four configurations -- 3.3. Fringe velocimetry theory -- 3.3.1. Fringe pattern in probe volume -- 3.3.2. Interferometry theory -- 3.3.3. Comparison between the three theoretical approaches -- 3.3.4. SNR -- 3.4. Velocity sign measurement -- 3.4.1. Problem origin -- 3.4.2. Solution explanation -- 3.4.3. Various means to shift a laser beam frequency -- 3.5. Emitting and receiving optics -- 3.5.1. Emitting -- 3.5.2. Probe volume characteristics -- 3.5.3. Receiving part -- 3.6. General organigram of a mono-dimensional fringe velocimeter.

3.7. Necessity for simultaneous measurement of 2 or 3 velocity components -- 3.8. 2D laser velocimetry -- 3.9. 3D laser velocimetry -- 3.9.1. Exotic 3D laser velocimeters -- 3.9.2. 3D fringe laser velocimetry -- 3.9.3. Five-beam 3D laser velocimeters -- 3.9.4. Six-beam 3D laser velocimeters -- 3.10. Electronic processing of Doppler signal -- 3.10.1. Generalities and main classes of Doppler processors -- 3.10.2. Photon converter: photomultiplier -- 3.10.3. Doppler burst detection -- 3.10.4. First processing units -- 3.10.5. Digital processing units -- 3.10.6. Exotic techniques -- 3.10.7. Optimization of signal processing -- 3.11. Measurement accuracy in laser velocimetry -- 3.11.1. Probe volume influence -- 3.11.2. Calibration -- 3.11.3. Doppler signal quality -- 3.11.4. Velocity domain for measurements -- 3.11.5. Synthesis of various bias and error sources -- 3.11.6. Specific problems in 2D and 3D devices -- 3.11.7. Global accuracy -- 3.12. Specific laser velocimeters for specific applications -- 3.12.1. Optical fibers in fringe laser velocimetry -- 3.12.2. Miniature laser velocimeters -- 3.12.3. Doppler image of velocity field -- 3.13. Bibliography -- Chapter 4. Optical Barrier Velocimetry -- 4.1. Laser two-focus velocimeter -- 4.2. Mosaic laser velocimeter -- 4.3. Bibliography -- Chapter 5. Doppler Global Velocimetry -- 5.1. Overview of Doppler global velocimetry -- 5.2. Basic principles of DGV -- 5.3. Measurement uncertainties in DGV -- 5.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 6. Particle Image Velocimetry -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Two-component PIV -- 6.2.1. Laser light source -- 6.2.2. Emission optics in PIV -- 6.2.3. Image recording -- 6.2.4. PTV (Particle Tracking Velocimetry) -- 6.2.5. Measurement of velocity using PIV -- 6.2.6. Correlation techniques -- 6.3. Three-component PIV -- 6.3.1. Introduction.

6.3.2. Acquisition of the signal from the particles -- 6.3.3. Evaluation of the particles' motion -- 6.3.4. Modeling of sensor -- 6.3.5. Stereoscopy: 2D-3C PIV -- 6.3.6. 2.5D-3C surface PIV -- 6.3.7. 3C-3D volumic PIV -- 6.3.8. Conclusion -- 6.4. Bibliography -- Chapter 7. Seeding in Laser Velocimetry -- 7.1. Optical properties of tracers -- 7.2. Particle generators -- 7.3. Particle control -- 7.4. Particle behavior -- 7.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 8. Post-Processing of LDV Data -- 8.1. The average values -- 8.2. Statistical notions -- 8.3. Estimation of autocorrelations and spectra -- 8.3.1. Continuous signals of limited duration -- 8.3.2. Signals sampled periodically (of limited duration T) -- 8.3.3. Random sampling -- 8.4. Temporal filtering: principle and application to white noise -- 8.4.1. Case of white noise -- 8.4.2. Moving average (MA) -- 8.4.3. Autoregressive (AR) process: Markov -- 8.5. Numerical calculations of FT -- 8.6. Summary and essential results -- 8.7. Detailed calculation of the FT and of the spectrum of fluctuations invelocity measured by laser velocimetry -- 8.7.1. Notations and overview of results regarding the FT -- 8.7.2. Calculating the FT of a sampled function F(t): periodic sampling -- 8.7.3. Calculating the FT of a sampled function F(t): random sampling -- 8.7.4. FT of the sampled signal reconstructed after periodic sampling -- 8.7.5. FT of the sampled signal, reconstructed after random sampling -- 8.7.6. Spectrum of a random signal sampled in a random manner -- 8.7.7. Application to some signals -- 8.7.8. Main conclusions -- 8.8. Statistical bias -- 8.8.1. Simple example of statistical bias -- 8.8.2. Measurement sampling process -- 8.8.3. The various bias phenomena in laser velocimetry -- 8.8.4. Analysis of the bias correction put forward by McLaughlin and Tiederman -- 8.8.5. Method for detecting statistical bias.

8.8.6. Signal reconstruction methods -- 8.8.7. Interpolation methods applied to the reconstructed signal -- 8.9. Spectral analysis on resampled signals -- 8.9.1. Direct transform -- 8.9.2. Slotting technique -- 8.9.3. Kalman interpolating filter -- 8.10. Bibliography -- Chapter 9. Comparison of Different Techniques -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Comparison of signal intensities between DGV, PIV and LDV -- 9.3. Comparison of PIV and DGV capabilities -- 9.4. Conclusion -- 9.5. Bibliography -- Conclusion -- Nomenclature -- List of Authors -- Index.