The Handbook Of Solitude: Psychological Perspectives on Social Isolation, Social Withdrawal, and Being Alone -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword: On Solitude, Withdrawal, and Social Isolation -- Part I Theoretical Perspectives -- 1 All Alone: Multiple Perspectives on the Study of Solitude -- Emergent Themes -- Overview of This Handbook -- Final Comments: Solitude…Together? -- References -- 2 Studying Withdrawal and Isolation in the Peer Group: Historical Advances in Concepts and Measures -- Social Withdrawal and Isolation Have Always Been with Us -- Withdrawal and Isolation Go Underground and Then Come Back from a Different Direction -- The Entry into the Current Era: The Late 1980s and 1990s -- Summary/What's Past Is Prologue -- References -- 3 An Attachment Perspective on Loneliness -- Basic Concepts of Attachment Theory and Research -- Attachment-Related Differences in Interpersonal Interactions and Close Relationships -- Attachment Insecurities and Feelings of Loneliness -- Cognitive Mechanisms Mediating the Attachment-Loneliness Link -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Shyness and the Electrical Activity of the Brain: On The Interplay Between Theory and Method -- Shyness: Definition and Conceptual Framework -- On the Interplay between Theory and Method: Frontal EEG Asymmetry and Social Behavior -- Summary and Limitations -- Conclusions and Caveats -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 The Origins of Solitude: Psychoanalytic Perspectives -- Fear of Solitude and Separation Anxiety -- The Solitary Self -- The Capacity to Be Alone -- Companions in Solitude -- Conclusions and Future Directions: The Primacy of the Paradox -- References -- 6 Experiences of Solitude: Issues Of Assessment, Theory, and Culture -- Stories We Tell Ourselves about Being Alone -- Assessment: Types of Solitude Experiences.

Expanding the List of Solitude Experiences -- Dimensions of Solitude -- Differences between Chinese and American Participants -- Toward a Cognitive Theory of Solitude -- Designer Environments -- The Cognitive Structure of Solitude -- The Chinese Tradition of Eremitism -- Vicarious Solitude -- Solitude as a Cultural Resource -- Concluding Observations -- Notes -- References -- Part II Solitude Across the Lifespan -- 7 The Causes and Consequences of "Playing Alone" in Childhood -- Nonsocial Play: Concepts and Theories -- Reticent Behavior: "I want to play with you…but I am shy…" -- Solitary-Active Behaviors: "You don't want to play with me?" -- Solitary-Passive Behaviors: "I'm ok playing by myself… for now…" -- Playing Alone: Mitigating Factors and Future Directions -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 Peer Rejection in Childhood: Social Groups, Rejection Sensitivity, and Solitude -- Foundation and Effects of Group Membership -- Peer Group Rejection and Its Effects -- Accounting for Occasional Peer Rejection and Its Effects -- Peer Group Rejection and Interpersonal Aggression -- Peer Group Rejection and Intergroup Prejudice -- Accounting for Chronic Peer Group Rejection and Its Effects -- Rejection Sensitivity and Children -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 9 Affinity for Aloneness in Adolescence and Preference for Solitude in Childhood: Linking Two Research Traditions -- Playing Alone in Childhood and Its Underlying Motives -- Wanting to Be Alone in Adolescence and Its Adaptive Functions -- Testing Key Assumptions of the Affinity for Aloneness Construct -- Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Social Withdrawal during Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood -- Developmental Periods of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood -- Correlates and Consequences of Social Withdrawal in Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood -- Conclusion -- References.

11 Introversion, Solitude, and Subjective Well-Being -- Overview of Introversion-Extraversion -- A Closer Look at the Links Between Introversion and Happiness -- Why Does Introversion-Extraversion Predict Happiness? -- Conclusions and Directions for Future Research -- References -- 12 Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations -- Approach and Avoidance as Two Fundamental Systems -- Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations and Related Constructs -- Historical Roots of the Research on Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations -- Establishing and Maintaining Social Relationships as a Function of Social Motivations -- Cognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Processes of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations -- The Origins and Development of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations Across the Lifespan -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 13 Ostracism and Solitude -- Overview of Ostracism -- Williams's Temporal Model of Ostracism -- Methods to Examine Chronic Ostracism -- "I Want To Be Alone": Self-Ostracism/Being Alone -- Summary -- References -- 14 Social Isolation among Older People -- Population Trends -- Measuring Social Isolation: Definitional Issues -- How Common Are Social Isolation and Loneliness? -- Who Is at Risk of Social Isolation and Loneliness in Old Age? -- Impact of Social Isolation and Loneliness on Health and Well-Being -- Are the Baby Boomers More at Risk for Social Isolation and Loneliness as They Age? -- Future Directions in Research -- References -- Part III Solitude Across Contexts -- 15 Anxious Solitude at School -- Anxious Solitary Children: Individual-School Environment Relations from a Developmental Perspective -- Peer Relations of Anxious Solitary Children at School -- Teachers' Relationships with and Perceptions of Anxious Solitary Children -- School Environment and Adjustment in Anxious Solitary Children.

Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 16 Loneliness and Belongingness in the College Years -- Loneliness and Belonging in the College Context -- Theoretical Background -- Differentiating Loneliness from Belongingness -- Issues in the Assessment of Loneliness and Belongingness -- Loneliness and Belongingness in College -- Emerging Research on Loneliness and Belongingness as Distinct Constructs -- References -- 17 Single in a Society Preoccupied with Couples -- Are We a Society of Married Couples or a Society of Singles? The Demographics -- Is American Social Life Organized around Couples? Inclusion and Exclusion of People Who Are Single -- Single or Coupled in Public: Who Cares? -- Living Alone or Living Together: What Are Twenty-First-Century Americans Choosing? -- The Experience of Loneliness: Does Marrying Make You Less Vulnerable? -- The Experience of Spending Time Alone among the Single at Heart -- Conclusions -- References -- 18 Loneliness and Internet Use -- Psychological Properties of the Internet -- The General Impact of the Internet on Loneliness -- Individual Differences as Moderators of the Impact of the Net -- Internet Addiction and the Lonely -- Moving from Online to Offline: Do Online Social Skills Transfer Successfully? -- Final Words and Future Directions -- References -- 19 Mindfulness Meditation: Seeking Solitude in Community -- Mindfulness and Solitude -- Mindfulness-Based and Manifestations of Solitude -- Other Communal Manifestations of Solitude -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 20 The Restorative Qualities of Being Alone with Nature -- Restoration Studies Using Individuals and Small Groups -- Private Spaces in Childhood -- Restorative Experiences and Solitude in Natural Favorite Places -- The Social Context of Restoration -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References.

Part IV Clinical Perspectives -- 21 Social Anhedonia and Solitude -- Understanding Social Anhedonia -- Theories on the Origins of Social Anhedonia from Schizophrenia Research -- Empirical Study of Social Anhedonia -- Future Directions in Social Anhedonia Research -- References -- 22 Social Anxiety Disorder and Emotional Solitude -- Social Anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder -- Social Anxiety in Childhood and Adolescence -- Social Anxiety in Adults -- Future Directions -- Summary -- References -- 23 Loneliness and Social Isolation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders -- Theoretical Basis of Loneliness -- Loneliness and Autism -- Understanding and Endorsing Loneliness in Autism -- Autistic Children's Understanding and Self-Perceptions of Friendships -- Friendship Quality and Reciprocity -- Feelings of Belonging and Social Connectedness -- Potential Negative Sequelae of Loneliness -- Potential for Prevention/Interventions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 24 Solitude and Personality Disorders -- Personality and Personality Disorders -- Development of Mental Representations as Related to Solitude -- Theory on Mental Representations and Personality Pathology -- Research on Mental Representations and Personality Pathology -- Expression of Behavioral Solitude in Personality Disorders -- Future Directions -- References -- 25 The Intersection of Culture and Solitude: The Hikikomori Phenomenon in Japan -- History of Hikikomori in Japan -- Defining Hikikomori -- Theoretical Underpinnings -- Clinical Features -- Risk Factors -- Family History and Dynamics -- Social Context -- Treatment and Recovery -- Future Directions -- Conclusion -- References -- Part V Disciplinary Perspectives -- 26 A View from Biology: Playing Alone and with Others: A Lesson from Animals -- Solitary Object Play and Its Implications in Cognitive Development.

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