Front Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Introduction -- Part I. The Automation Knowledge Base -- Chapter 1. The Automation Practicum -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Job Descriptions -- 1.3 Careers and Career Paths -- 1.3.1 ISA Certified Automation Professional (CAP) Classification System -- 1.4 Where Automation Fits in the Extended Enterprise -- 1.5 Manufacturing Execution Systems and Manufacturing Operations Management -- 1.5.1 Introduction -- 1.5.2 Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Manufacturing Operations Management (MOM) -- 1.5.3 The Connected Enterprise -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 2. Basic Principles of Industrial Automation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Standards -- 2.3 Sensor and System Design, Installation, and Commissioning -- 2.3.1 The Basics -- 2.3.2 Identification of the Application -- 2.3.3 Selection of the Appropriate Sensor/Transmitter -- 2.3.4 Selection of the Final Control Element -- 2.3.5 Selection of the Controller and Control Methodology -- 2.3.6 Design of the Installation -- 2.3.7 Installing, Commissioning, and Calibrating the System -- 2.4 Maintenance and Operation -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Life-cycle Optimization -- 2.4.3 Reliability Engineering -- 2.4.4 Asset Management, Asset Optimization, and Plant Optimization -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 3. Measurement Methods and Control Strategies -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Measurement and Field Calibration Methodology -- 3.3 Process Control Strategies -- 3.4 Advanced Control Strategies -- Suggested Reading -- Chapter 4. Simulation and Design Software -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Simulation -- 4.3 Best Practices for Simulation Systems in Automation -- 4.4 Ground-up Testing and Training -- 4.5 Simulation System Selection -- 4.6 Simulation for Automation in the Validated Industries -- 4.7 Conclusion.

Chapter 5. Security for Industrial Automation -- 5.1 The Security Problem -- 5.2 An Analysis of the Security Needs of Industrial Automation -- 5.3 Some Recommendations for Industrial Automation Security -- Part II. Mechanical Measurements -- Chapter 6. Measurement of Flow -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Principles of Flow Measurement -- 6.2.1 Streamlined and Turbulent Flow -- 6.2.2 Viscosity -- 6.2.3 Bernoulli's Theorem -- 6.2.4 Practical Realization of Equations -- 6.2.5 Modification of Flow Equations to Apply to Gases -- 6.3 Fluid Flow in Closed Pipes -- 6.3.1 Differential-Pressure Devices -- 6.3.2 Rotating Mechanical Meters for Liquids -- 6.3.3 Rotating Mechanical Meters for Gases -- 6.3.4 Electronic Flowmeters -- 6.3.5 Mass Flowmeters -- 6.4 Flow in Open Channels -- 6.4.1 Head/Area Method -- 6.4.2 Velocity/Area Methods -- 6.4.3 Dilution Gauging -- 6.5 Point Velocity Measurement -- 6.5.1 Laser Doppler Anemometer -- 6.5.2 Hotwire Anemometer -- 6.5.3 Pitot Tube -- 6.5.4 Electromagnetic Velocity Probe -- 6.5.5 Insertion Turbine -- 6.5.6 Propeller-Type Current Meter -- 6.5.7 Insertion Vortex -- 6.5.8 Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Probe -- 6.6 Flowmeter Calibration Methods -- 6.6.1 Flowmeter Calibration Methods for Liquids -- 6.6.2 Flowmeter Calibration Methods for Gases -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7. Measurement of Viscosity -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian behavior -- 7.3 Measurement of the Shear Viscosity -- 7.3.1 Capillary Viscometer -- 7.3.2 Couette Viscometer -- 7.3.3 Cone-and-plate Viscometer -- 7.3.4 Parallel-plate Viscometer -- 7.4 Shop-Floor Viscometers -- 7.5 Measurement of the Extensional Viscosity -- 7.6 Measurement of Viscosity Underextremes of Temperature and Pressure -- 7.7 Online Measurements -- 7.8 Accuracy and Range -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8. Measurement of Length.

8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Nature of Length -- 8.3 Derived Measurements -- 8.3.1 Derived from Length Measurement Alone -- 8.4 Standards and Calibration of Length -- 8.5 Practice of Length Measurement for Industrial Use -- 8.5.1 General Remarks -- 8.5.2 Mechanical Length-Measuring Equipment -- 8.5.3 Electronic Length Measurement -- 8.5.4 Use of Electromagnetic and Acoustic Radiation -- 8.5.5 Miscellaneous Methods -- 8.6 Automatic Gauging Systems -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9. Measurement of Strain -- 9.1 Strain -- 9.2 Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges -- 9.2.1 Wire Gauges -- 9.2.2 Foil Gauges -- 9.2.3 Semiconductor Gauges -- 9.2.4 Rosettes -- 9.2.5 Residual Stress Measurement -- 9.3 Gauge Characteristics -- 9.3.1 Range -- 9.3.2 Cross-sensitivity -- 9.3.3 Temperature Sensitivity -- 9.3.4 Response Times -- 9.4 Installation -- 9.5 Circuits for Strain Gauges -- 9.6 Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge -- 9.7 Capacitive Strain Gauges -- 9.8 Surveys of Whole Surfaces -- 9.8.1 Brittle Lacquer -- 9.8.2 Patterns on Surfaces -- 9.9 Photoelasticity -- References -- Chapter 10. Measurement of Level and Volume -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Practice of Level Measurement -- 10.2.1 Installation -- 10.2.2 Sources of Error -- 10.3 Calibration of Level-Measuring Systems -- 10.4 Methods Providing Full-Range Level Measurement -- 10.4.1 Sight Gauges -- 10.4.2 Float-driven Instruments -- 10.4.3 Capacitance Probes -- 10.4.4 Upthrust Buoyancy -- 10.4.5 Pressure Sensing -- 10.4.6 Microwave and Ultrasonic, Time-Transit Methods -- 10.4.7 Force or Position Balance -- 10.5 Methods Providing Short-Range Detection -- 10.5.1 Magnetic -- 10.5.2 Electrical Conductivity -- 10.5.3 Infrared -- 10.5.4 Radio Frequency -- 10.5.5 Miscellaneous Methods -- References -- Chapter 11. Vibration -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Physical Considerations -- 11.1.2 Practical Problems of Installation.

11.1.3 Areas of Application -- 11.2 Amplitude Calibration -- 11.2.1 Accelerometer Calibration -- 11.2.2 Shock Calibration -- 11.2.3 Force Calibration -- 11.3 Sensor Practice -- 11.3.1 Mass-Spring Seismic Sensors -- 11.3.2 Displacement Measurement -- 11.3.3 Velocity Measurement -- 11.3.4 Acceleration Measurement -- 11.3.5 Measurement of Shock -- 11.4 Literature -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12. Measurement of Force -- 12.1 Basic Concepts -- 12.2 Force Measurement Methods -- 12.3 Lever-balance Methods -- 12.3.1 Equal-lever Balance -- 12.3.2 Unequal-lever Balance -- 12.3.3 Compound Lever Balance -- 12.4 Force-Balance Methods -- 12.5 Hydraulic Pressure Measurement -- 12.6 Acceleration Measurement -- 12.7 Elastic Elements -- 12.7.1 Spring Balances -- 12.7.2 Proving Rings -- 12.7.3 Piezoelectric Transducers -- 12.7.4 Strain-gauge Load Cells -- 12.8 Further Developments -- References -- Chapter 13. Measurement of Density -- 13.1 General -- 13.2 Measurement of Density Using Weight -- 13.3 Measurement of Density Using Buoyancy -- 13.4 Measurement of Density Using a  Hydrostatic Head -- 13.4.1 General Differential Pressure Transmitter Methods -- 13.4.2 DP Transmitter with Overflow Tank -- 13.4.3 DP Transmitter with a Wet Leg -- 13.4.4 DP Transmitter with a Pressure Repeater -- 13.4.5 DP Transmitter with Flanged or Extended Diaphragm -- 13.4.6 DP Transmitter with Pressure Seals -- 13.4.7 DP Transmitter with Bubble Tubes -- 13.4.8 Other Process Considerations -- 13.5 Measurement of Density Using Radiation -- 13.6 Measurement of Density Using Resonant Elements -- 13.6.1 Liquid Density Measurement -- 13.6.2 Gas Density Measurements -- 13.6.3 Relative Density of Gases -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14. Measurement of Pressure -- 14.1 What is Pressure? -- 14.2 Pressure Measurement.

14.2.1 Pressure Measurements by Balancing a Column of Liquid of Known Density -- 14.2.2 Pressure Measurements by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on a Known Area and Measuring the Resultant Force -- 14.2.3 Pressure Measurement by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on a Flexible Member and Measuring the Resultant Motion -- 14.2.4 Pressure Measurement by Allowing the Unknown Pressure to Act on an Elastic Member and Measuring the Resultant Stress or Strain -- 14.3 Pressure Transmitters -- 14.3.1 Pneumatic Motion-Balance Pressure Transmitters -- 14.3.2 Pneumatic Force-Balance Pressure Transmitters -- 14.3.3 Force-Measuring Pressure Transmitters -- 14.3.4 Digital Pressure Transducers -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15. Measurement of Vacuum -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Systems of Measurement -- 15.1.2 Methods of Measurement -- 15.1.3 Choice of Nonabsolute Gauges -- 15.1.4 Accuracy of Measurement -- 15.2 Absolute Gauges -- 15.2.1 Mechanical Gauges -- 15.2.2 Liquid Manometers -- 15.2.3 The McLeod Gauge (1878) -- 15.3 Nonabsolute Gauges -- 15.3.1 Thermal Conductivity Gauges -- 15.3.2 Ionization Gauges -- References -- Chapter 16. Particle Sizing -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Characterization of Particles -- 16.2.1 Statistical Mean Diameters -- 16.3 Terminal Velocity -- 16.4 Optical Effects Caused by Particles -- 16.5 Particle Shape -- 16.6 Methods for Characterizing a Group of Particles -- 16.6.1 Gaussian or Normal Distributions -- 16.6.2 Log-Normal Distributions -- 16.6.3 Rosin-Rammler Distributions -- 16.7 Analysis Methods that Measure Size Directly -- 16.7.1 Sieving -- 16.7.2 Microscope Counting -- 16.7.3 Direct Optical Methods -- 16.8 Analysis Methods that Measure Terminal Velocity -- 16.8.1 Sedimentation -- 16.8.2 Elutriation -- 16.8.3 Impaction -- 16.9 Analysis Methods that Infer Size from some other Property.

16.9.1 Coulter Counter.