Less Translated Languages -- Editorial page -- Title page -- LCC data -- Table of contents -- Introduction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Minority languages and translation -- 3. From the "cultural turn'' to the "power turn'' -- 4. The contributors -- Note -- References -- Part I. English -- The quantitative analysis of translation flows in the age of an international language -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The debate -- 3. Two simple mind games and some algebra -- 4. Using UNESCO data -- 5. Two principles tested -- 6. Translation vs. foreign-language reading -- 7. Postscript: Minorities and the state of English -- Note -- References -- Multilingualism in Europe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The status of multilingualism in the European Union -- 3. Translation, hybridity and implications for translation -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- An example of linguistic submission -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The superiority of source languages -- 2.1. Systematisation of exporting languages? -- 2.2. The formation of vocabulary -- 2.3. Synonymy -- 2.4. Polysemy -- 2.5. Homonymy -- 3. Meaning of the unit and meaning of the components -- 4. Only one view of the world? -- 4.1. Translation of language or translation of culture? -- 4.2. The conceptual traits of the term -- 4.3. Traditional terminology -- 4.4. The diversity of source languages -- 5. The ignorance of linguistic differences -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- From Arabic to other languages through English -- 1. The experience of translating the Kitáb-i-Aqdas into Spanish from the English version using the Arabic original as a reference -- 2. Indirect translation: Some features, background and implications -- 3. Phases of translation -- 4. Use of tools -- 5. Development of other documents in support of translation -- 6. Conclusions related to indirect and group translation -- References.

The translation of cultural references in the cinema -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Typologies of cultural references -- 3. Examples of cultural references in the cinema -- 4. Techniques for the translation of cultural references -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Films -- Part II. Minority languages -- Translation policy for minority languages in the European Union -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic inequality and linguistic mediation -- 3. Translation policy for minorised languages -- 3.1. Homogeneity criterion: Social cohesion and linguistic cohesion -- 3.2. Autonomy criterion: Competition and distinction -- 3.3. Prestige criterion: Awareness and pride -- 4. Comments and conclusions -- Note -- References -- Translation of minority languages in bilingual and multilingual communities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The functions of translation -- 3. Presence of translation activity in specific scopes -- (1) Contact languages -- (2) Contact fields -- 4. Social factors that might determine the existence of translation activity -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: Summary of data an contact fields -- Mandatory translation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The concept -- 3. A specific case of MTL -- 3.1. Mandatory translation within the region in which Catalan is an official language -- 3.2. Mandatory translation outside the region in which Catalan is an official language -- 3.3. Conclusion -- 4. Translation and linguistic security -- Notes -- References -- Theatre and translation -- Notes -- References -- Obscured cultures -- 1. Multiculturalism, cognitive science, translation -- 1.1. Multiculturalism and the decentralisation of culture -- 1.2. Cognition: To re-cognize is to re-learn -- 1.3. Translation or the respect for difference -- 2. Is sub-Saharan Africa an academic subject? -- 3. Main contributors and contributions in the series of lectures -- Note.

References -- Part III. Translating from less translated cultures and languages -- African literature in colonial languages -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Linguistic silences, cultural silences -- 3. African literatures, minor literatures -- 4. Ahmadou Kourouma, translator of silences -- 5. Final comments -- Notes -- References -- Translating Mia Couto -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mia Couto's reinterpretation of Portuguese -- 3. Translation difficulties: Phonetic level -- 4. Morphology and semantics -- 5. Other lexical issues -- 6. Dealing with exoticisms in translation -- 7. Sociolinguistics and translation -- 8. Concluding remarks: The issue of invisibility -- References -- Translational passages -- 1. Introduction: Literature and translation in a multilingual context -- 2. The translingual route: English in India, Indian fiction in English -- 3. Transcreation: Revisiting an Indian notion -- 4. Some voices from Indian literature in English -- 5. Concluding points: Translatability, the way forward -- Notes -- References -- The Bodhicaryavatara -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The author -- 3. The Tibetan translations -- 4. The text -- 5. The translations into Western languages -- 5.1. Stephen Batchelor -- 5.2. Comité de Traduction Padmakara -- 5.3. Georges Driessens -- 5.4. Dokusho Villalba -- 5.5. Isidro Gordi -- 5.6. Vesna A. Wallace and B. Alan Wallace -- 6. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Translations of the Bodhicaryavatara into Western languages (in chronological order) -- Regional Indian literature in English -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lamps in the Whirlpool: The positive aspects of the foreignising translation -- 3. Lamps in the Whirlpool: The negative aspects of the foreignising translation -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- What do we leave behind when failing to translate a Chinese dead metaphor? -- 1. Introduction.

2. A cognitive and linguistic tool for categorisation -- 3. A powerful tool for the creation of metaphorical expressions -- 4. Translation of measure words -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Part IV. Catalan -- Translation from Spanish into Catalan during the 20th century -- Note -- References -- Translation between Spanish and Catalan today -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Publishing output -- 3. Literary translation -- 3.1. Literary translation from Catalan into Spanish -- 3.2. Literary translation from Spanish into Catalan -- 4. Audiovisual translation -- 4.1. Audiovisual translation from Spanish into Catalan -- 4.2. Spanish as an intermediary language -- 4.3. Audiovisual translation from Catalan into Spanish -- 5. Legal and administrative translation -- 5.1. The direction of translation -- 5.2. The justice administration -- 6. Scientific and technical translation -- 6.1. Scientific and technical translation from Spanish into Catalan -- 6.2. Scientific and technical translation from Catalan into Spanish -- 7. Conclusions -- Notes -- References -- Translation from Hebrew into Catalan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Translators -- 3. Studies in and students of Hebrew philology -- 4. Main translation difficulties -- 5. Historical development of translation from Hebrew into Catalan -- 5.1. The Bible -- 5.2. Medieval texts -- 5.3. Contemporary Hebrew literature24 -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: Translations from Hebrew into Catalan, arranged chronologically by sections -- Symposium -- Andreu Nin -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biographical notes -- 2.1. Beginnings of an active political life -- 2.2. The Russian period -- 2.3. Revolutionary maturity -- 3. The literary phases -- 3.1. The teacher and educator -- 3.2. The journalist -- 3.3. Political theorist -- 3.4. The literary critic -- 4. Forerunner in literary translation from Russian into Catalan -- Notes.

References -- Appendix: Andreu Nin's literary translations into Catalan -- Bonaventura Vallespinosa -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: Bonaventura Vallespinosa's translations into Catalan -- Manuel de Pedrolo -- Notes -- References to Manuel de Pedrolo as a translator -- Appendix: Manuel de Pedrolo's translations into Catalan (original title given in square brackets) -- Josep Vallverdú -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The life and times of Josep Vallverdú, translator -- 3. The translations, authors translated and publishers -- 3.1. Detective novel writers -- 3.2. Writers of children's and young people's literature -- 3.3. Publishing houses -- 4. Conclusion -- Note -- References -- Appendix: Josep Vallverdú's translations into Catalan -- Maria-Mercè Marcal -- 1. Introduction -- 2. (Re)presentation -- 3. Textuality -- 4. Translation -- 5. Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: Maria-Mercè Mar'347al's translations into Catalan -- Jordi Arbonès i Montull -- 1. The beginning -- 2. Catalan translations and censorship -- 3. Arbonès's contribution to Catalan literature -- 4. The problem of style -- 5. Translation problems -- 6. Concluding remarks -- Notes -- References -- Appendix: Jordi Arbonès's translations into Catalan (English title given in square brackets) -- Biographical notes on the authors and editors -- Index -- The series Benjamins Translation Library.