Cover -- The biogas handbook: Science, production and applications -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributor contact details -- Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy -- Foreword -- Preface -- Organisations supporting IEA Bioenergy Task 37 - Energy from Biogas -- 1 Biogas as an energy option: an overview -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Biogas technologies and environmental efficiency -- 1.3 Political drivers and legislation -- 1.4 Health, safety and risk assessment -- 1.5 Conclusions and future trends -- 1.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 1.7 References -- Part I Biomass resources, feedstock treatment and biogas production -- 2 Biomass resources for biogas production -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Categories of biomass appropriate as feedstocks for biogas production -- 2.3 Characteristics of biogas feedstock -- 2.4 Resource availability and supply chain issues -- 2.5 Conclusion -- 2.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 2.7 References -- 3 Analysis and characterisation of biogas feedstocks -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Preliminary feedstock characterisation -- 3.3 Essential laboratory analysis of feedstocks -- 3.4 Additional laboratory analysis of feedstocks -- 3.5 Detailed feedstock evaluation -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 3.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 3.8 References -- 4 Storage and pre-treatment of substrates for biogas production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Storage and ensiling of crops for biogas production -- 4.3 Pre-treatment technologies for biogas production -- 4.4 Conclusion and future trends -- 4.5 References -- 5 Fundamental science and engineering of the anaerobic digestion process for biogas production -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microbiology -- 5.3 Microbial environment -- 5.4 Gas production and feedstocks -- 5.5 Reactor configuration -- 5.6 Parasitic energy demand of process -- 5.7 Laboratory analysis and scale up.

5.8 Modelling and optimisation of anaerobic digestion -- 5.9 Conclusions and future trends -- 5.10 References -- 6 Optimisation of biogas yields from anaerobic digestion by feedstock type -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Defining optimisation -- 6.3 Basic definitions and concepts -- 6.4 Overcoming limitation as a result of hydraulic retention time (HRT) -- 6.5 Increasing the metabolic capacity of a digester -- 6.6 Matching feedstocks and digester type -- 6.7 Case studies -- 6.8 Future trends -- 6.9 References -- 7 Anaerobic digestion as a key technology for biomass valorization: contribution to the energy balance of biofuel chains -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The role of anaerobic digestion in biomass chains -- 7.3 A framework for approaching the role of anaerobic digestion within biomass chains -- 7.4 Contribution of anaerobic digestion to the energy balance of biofuel chains -- 7.5 Conclusion and future trends -- 7.6 Source of further information and advice -- 7.7 References -- Part II Plant design, engineering, process optimisation and digestate utilisation -- 8 Design and engineering of biogas plants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Digestion unit -- 8.3 Gas storage -- 8.4 Pipework, pumps and valves -- 8.5 Site characteristics and plant layout -- 8.6 Process control technology -- 8.7 Social and legal aspects -- 8.8 Practical challenges and future trends -- 8.9 Sources of further information and advice -- 8.10 References -- 9 Energy flows in biogas plants: analysis and implications for plant design -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Energy demand of biogas plants -- 9.3 Energy supply for biogas plants -- 9.4 Balancing energy flows -- 9.5 Conclusion and future trends -- 9.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 9.7 References -- 10 Process control in biogas plants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Process analysis and monitoring.

10.3 Optimising and implementing on-line process control in biogas plants -- 10.4 Mathematical process modelling and optimisation in practice -- 10.5 Advantages and limitations of process control -- 10.6 Conclusion and future trends -- 10.7 Sources of further information and advice -- 10.8 References -- 11 Methane emissions in biogas production -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methane emissions in biogas production -- 11.3 Methane emissions in biogas utilization, biogas upgrading and digestate storage -- 11.4 Overall methane emissions -- 11.5 Conclusion and future trends -- 11.6 References -- 12 Biogas digestate quality and utilization -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Digestate quality -- 12.3 Processing of digestate -- 12.4 Utilization of digestate and digestate fractions -- 12.5 Conclusion -- 12.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 12.7 References -- 13 Land application of digestate -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Overview of substrates and land application of digestate -- 13.3 Field experience of land application and associated environmental impacts -- 13.4 Conclusion and future trends -- 13.5 Acknowledgements -- 13.6 References -- Part III Biogas utilisation: international experience and best practice -- 14 Biogas cleaning -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Biogas characterisation and quality standards -- 14.3 Biogas cleaning techniques -- 14.4 Biogas cleaning in combination with upgrading -- 14.5 Conclusion and future trends -- 14.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 14.7 References -- 15 Biogas upgrading to biomethane -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Development and overview of biogas upgrading -- 15.3 Biogas cleaning and upgrading technologies -- 15.4 Costs of biogas upgrading -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 15.6 References -- 16 Biomethane injection into natural gas networks -- 16.1 Introduction.

16.2 Technical and legal conditions of biomethane feed-in in Germany -- 16.3 Design and operation of injection utilities -- 16.4 Biomethane quality adjustments -- 16.5 Economic aspects of biomethane injection -- 16.6 Optimization and efficiency increase -- 16.7 Conclusion and future trends -- 16.8 Sources of further information and advice -- 16.9 References -- 16.10 Appendix: glossary -- 17 Generation of heat and power from biogas for stationary applications: boilers, gas engines and turbines, combined heat and power (CHP) plants fuel cells -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Biogas and biomethane combustion issues -- 17.3 Utilisation of biogas for the generation of electric power and heat in stationary applications -- 17.4 Conclusion and future trends -- 17.5 References -- 18 Biomethane for transport applications -- 18.1 Biomethane as a transport fuel -- 18.2 Biomethane distribution logistics and the synergies of jointly used natural gas and biomethane -- 18.3 Growth of the natural gas vehicle market in Sweden -- 18.4 Extent and potential of the natural gas vehicle world market -- 18.5 Future trends -- 18.6 References -- 19 Market development and certification schemes for biomethane -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Market development -- 19.3 Biomethane certification and mass balancing -- 19.4 European mass balancing schemes for biomethane -- 19.5 Future trends -- 19.6 Sources of further information and advice -- 19.7 References -- Index.