Front Cover -- Primitive Fishes -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Living Primitive Fishes and Fishes From Deep Time -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Primitive Characters, Primitive Taxa, and Ancient Taxa -- 3. Living Fossils -- 4. Living Primitive Fishes in Vertebrate Phylogeny -- 4.1. The Hagfish-Lamprey-Gnathostome Node -- 4.2. The Gar-Bowfin-Teleosts Node -- 4.3. The Coelacanth-Lungfish-Tetrapod Node -- 4.4. Other Problematic Nodes -- 5. Living Primitive Fishes and Their Fossil Relatives: Naming and Dating Taxa -- 5.1. Hagfishes and Lampreys -- 5.2. Chondrichthyans -- 5.3. Actinopterygians -- 5.4. Sarcopterygians -- 6. Extinct Major Fish Taxa and Their Position in Vertebrate Phylogeny -- 6.1. Yunnanozoans and Myllokunmingiids -- 6.2. "Ostracoderms" -- 6.3. Placoderms -- 6.4. Acanthodians -- 6.5. "Paleoniscoids" and Basal Neopterygians -- 6.6. Extinct Sarcopterygian Taxa -- 7. How Stable is Vertebrate Phylogeny? -- 8. Fossils and Physiology -- 9. The Environment of Early Fishes: Marine Versus Freshwater Vertebrates -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Cardiovascular Systems in Primitive Fishes -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Scope of the Chapter -- 1.2. Measurement Systems: Their Benefits and Limitations -- 2. An Overview of Evolutionary Progressions -- 2.1. Anatomical Patterns -- 2.2. Physiological Patterns -- 3. Details of the Cyclostome Circulatory Systems -- 3.1. Hagfishes -- 3.2. Lampreys -- 4. Details of the Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes) Circulatory Systems -- 4.1. Coelacanth -- 4.2. Dipnoi (Lungfishes) -- 5. Details of the Circulatory Systems in Polypterids, Gars, and Bowfins -- 5.1. Polypterids (Bichirs and Reedfish) -- 5.2. Garfishes -- 5.3. Amia (Bowfins) -- 6. Details of the Sturgeon Circulatory Systems -- 6.1. Cardiac Anatomy -- 6.2. Circulatory Patterns -- 6.3. Cardiac Dynamics.

6.4. Circulatory Control -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3: Nervous and Sensory Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Development of the CNS -- 3. The Brains of Primitive Fishes -- 3.1. Agnathans (Hagfishes and Lampreys) -- 3.2. Sarcopterygians (Lobe-Finned Fishes) -- 3.3. Actinopterygians (Early Ray-Finned Fishes) -- 4. Functional Classification of Cranial Nerves in Fishes -- 5. The Visual System -- 5.1. The Optical Apparatus -- 5.2. Retina and Visual Function -- 5.3. Spectral Filters -- 5.4. Visual Sensitivity -- 5.5. Visual Resolution -- 5.6. Visual Input to the CNS -- 5.7. Nonvisual Photoreception -- 6. Chemoreceptive Systems -- 6.1. Olfaction -- 6.2. Gustation -- 6.3. Solitary Chemoreceptor Systems -- 7. Octavolateralis System -- 7.1. Audition -- 7.2. Vestibular Control -- 7.3. Lateral Line -- 8. Electroreception -- 8.1. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Ampullary Receptors -- 8.2. Role in Passive Electrolocation -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Ventilatory Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Respiratory Strategies -- 3. Respiratory Organs -- 3.1. Water Breathing -- 3.2. Air Breathing -- 4. Ventilatory Mechanisms -- 4.1. Cutaneous Gas Exchange -- 4.2. Ventilation of External Gills -- 4.3. Ventilation of Internal Gills -- 4.4. Ventilation of ABOs -- 5. Respiratory Control -- 5.1. Hypoxic and Hypercarbic Ventilatory Responses and Reflex Pathways -- 5.2. Receptors Involved in Reflex Ventilatory Control -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Gas Transport and Exchange -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Partitioning of O2 and CO2 Exchange Across the Respiratory Surfaces -- 2.1. Primitive Ray-Finned Fishes (Actinopterygii) -- 2.2. Lobe-Finned Fishes (Sarcopterygii) -- 2.3. Jawless Fishes (Agnatha) -- 3. Blood O2 Transport -- 3.1. General Principles of Hb Function.

3.2. Factors Affecting the ArterioVenous O2 Difference -- 3.3. Survey of Extant Primitive Fishes -- 4. Transport and Elimination of CO2 -- 4.1. General Model of CO2 Transport and Excretion -- 5. Synthesis -- 5.1. How Do Primitive Fishes Compete with Other Fishes? -- 5.2. Primitive Fishes and the Evolution of Vertebrate Blood O2 and CO2 Transport Characteristics -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6: Ionic, Osmotic, and Nitrogenous Waste Regulation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Origins in Seawater -- 1.2. "Parting of the Ways": The Move to Freshwater -- 1.3. Key Sites of Osmoregulation and Nitrogen Excretion in Fishes -- 2. Ionic and Osmotic Regulation -- 2.1. In Seawater -- 2.2. In Freshwater -- 2.3. Moving Between the River and Sea -- 3. Nitrogen Excretion -- 3.1. Toxic Ammonia -- 3.2. Synthesis of Nitrogen End-Products -- 3.3. Excretion -- 3.4. The Challenges of Estivation -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7: Locomotion in Primitive Fishes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Swimming Modes and Associated Morphological Adaptations -- 2.1. BCF Swimming -- 2.2. MPF Swimming -- 2.3. Modes of Fast-Start Behavior -- 3. Locomotor Muscles -- 4. Neuromotor Coordination -- 4.1. Axial Rhythm Generation Circuits -- 4.2. Mauthner Neurons and the Evolution of the Startle Neural Circuit -- 5. Locomotor Performance and Physiology -- 5.1. Continuous Swimming Performance -- 5.2. Fast-Start Performance -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Peripheral Endocrine Glands. I. The Gastroenteropancreatic Endocrine System and the Thyroid Gland -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Endocrine Pancreas and Related Gastrointestinal Endocrine System -- 2.1. Background and Definitions -- 2.2. Agnatha -- 2.3. Gnathostomes -- 2.4. Phylogenetic Considerations -- 3. Thyroid Gland -- 3.1. Background -- 3.2. Agnatha -- 3.3. Gnathostomes.

3.4. Phylogenetic Considerations -- 4. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9: Peripheral Endocrine Glands. II. The Adrenal Glands and the Corpuscles of Stannius -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Adrenal Glands -- 2.1. Background -- 2.2. Adrenocortical Homologue -- 2.3. Chromaffin Tissue -- 2.4. Prospective on the Adrenal Glands of Ancient Fishes -- 3. Corpuscles of Stannius -- 3.1. Background -- 3.2. Amiiformes -- 3.3. Semionotiformes -- 3.4. Basal Teleosts -- 3.5. Phylogenetic Considerations of the CS and STC in Fishes -- 4. Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10: Why Have Primitive Fishes Survived? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Life During the Early Phanerozoic -- 3. The Teleosts -- 3.1. Feeding and Locomotion -- 3.2. Genome Duplication -- 4. Primitive Fishes: Relationships Between Groups -- 4.1. Agnathans -- 4.2. Elasmobranchs -- 4.3. Ratfishes/Chimaeras -- 4.4. Lungfishes -- 4.5. Coelacanths -- 4.6. Bichirs/Reedfishes -- 4.7. Sturgeons -- 4.8. Paddlefishes -- 4.6. Gars -- 4.10. Bowfin -- 5. Why Have These Primitive Fishes Survived? -- 5.1. Role of Physiology -- 5.2. Role of Genomics and Prospects for Future Research -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Other Volumes in the Series.